2015年成人学位英阅读理态度题解题法
态度题
一篇文章不可避免地会反映作者的观点、态度和情绪。能否正确地把握作者的观点和态度是体现学生阅读理解能力的一个重要方面。这类题目主要是考查学生能否正确理解作者的写作意图、所持的观点及阐述文章主题时的语气或对他所论述的对象的态度。命题者命制这类题时往往涉及对有争议问题的看法，对事物的评价——作者持什么样的态度?是赞同还是反对?是同情、冷漠、失望还是批评、表扬?
(一)常见的提问形式
The author's main purpose in this passage is ...
The author's purpose of writing this passage is...
In this passage the author's attitude toward.., could best be described as...
What is the author's attitude towards...
. The author's main thought is that...
. The author's probably feels that...
. The writer discusses.., in order to illustrate which of the following?
. In this passage the author looks on ... with an attitude of...
. What is the tone/mood of the passage?
. The author argues in the passage that...
. According to the author...
解作者态度(attitude)或语气(tone)题，关键在于把握作者对全文主体事物(与主题有关)或某一具体事物的态度。由于作者态度主要由语言来表达，因此必须弄清有关表达褒义、中性和贬义的手段。
1．加入形容词定语。
例如：A．His words were few．
B．His interesting words were few．
假如A为中性叙述的话，那么B则体现了说话人对“He”的正面评价。
又如：C．They are all seniors．
D．They are all premature seniors．
同样，假如C项为中性叙述，那么由于加入形容词定语“premature”，D项表达了一种贬义。
2．加入副词状语。加入的副词状语通常是对动词的叙述加以界定。
例如：He successfully makes the travel plan．(表明一种正面态度)；They speak clumsily．(表明一种负面态度)
3．特殊动词。英语中有些动词也表明说话者的正负态度，如：fail(未能)、ignore(忽视)、overestimate(估计过高)等动词表示一种负态度。由上可知，确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词，确定作者的态度；如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。
例l3
English folk singers have adopted a conventional method of singing. During the performance the eyes are closed,the head is upraised,and a rigid expression of counte-nance is maintained until the song is finished. A short pause follows the conclusion,and then the singer relaxes his attitude and repeats in his ordinary voice the last line of the song, or its title. This is the invariably ritual or formal occasions. It does not proceed from any lack of appreciation. The English peasant is by nature a shy man and unde- monstrative, and on ceremonious occasions, as when he is singing before an audience, he becomes very nervous and restrained, and welcomes the shelter afforded by conven-tion.
The tone of this passage is best described as
A. persuading
B. pleading
C. matter-of-fact
D. ironic
这篇文章的语气是什么?是劝说性的A，或是恳求性的B，或客观的叙述C，或讽刺批评D?通读全文，我们体会不出A，B和D的语气。作者只是实事求是地描述英国乡村歌手的演唱风格及其造成的原因。因此C是答案。
例14
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible．If we are to solve the nursing shortage(不足)，hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel’s example．
At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state．Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient’S illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary．
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization，keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor．If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment，it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose an- other approach to his doctor．What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague．
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized(分散的)nursing administra- tion；every floor，every unit is a self-contained organization．There are nurse-manag-ers instead of head nurses：in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hir-ing and dismissin9，employee advisin9，and they make salary recommendations．Each unit’S nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when．
Beth Israel’S nurse—in—chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hos-pital．She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee，which in most hospi-tals includes only doctors．
The author’S attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is
A．negative
B．neutral
C．critical
D．positive
这道题与文章主题有关，只需看主题句——文章首句：Nursing at Beth Israel Hos-pital produces the best patient care possible．就可以了，由其中的褒义形容词“best”可以推出作者对Beth Israel Hospital护理体制的褒扬，因此D为正确答案。
例l5
Where do pesticides (杀虫剂) fit into the picture of environmental disease? We have seen that they now pollute soil, water, and food, that they have the power to make our streams fishless and our gardens and woodlands silent and birdless. Man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature. Can he escape a pollution that is now so thoroughly distributed throughout our world? We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause ex- tremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposes to sufficient quantities of pesti-cides is very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative (积累的) over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his life- time. For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored. It is human nature to shake off what may seem to us a threat of future disaster. "Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs,"says a wise physician, Dr. Rene Dubos, "yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed. "
What is the author's attitude towards the environmental effects of pesticides.?
A. Pessimistic.
C. Defensive.
B. Indifferent.
D. Concerned.
对这个问题的回答需要对全文主题有较好的把握：作者一开始就指出杀虫剂对环境的破坏，由此感慨人类可能受到影响；作者在第二段和第三段提醒人们不仅要注意大剂量的杀虫剂可以杀人，而且更要注意小剂量杀虫剂进入人体后日积月累所造成的更大危害，可是人们往往忽视后者所造成的危害。由作者提出这个问题并指出其危害，可见作者关心这个问题，因此D为正确答案。C的说法：“为杀虫剂对环境造成的后果进行辩护”不合逻辑，为错误选项。
除了知道如何寻找答案外，了解答案本身的含义也很重要；有些考生能对作者的态度做出正确判断，但对答案理解不清，也找不到正确答案。用于作者态度题选项的词可以按照经常一起出现的频率分为几大类。
A
positive肯定的，赞成的approving赞成的
negative否定的，反对的critical批评的
questioning质问的neutral中立的
detached不偏不倚的suspicious怀疑的
doubtful不敢肯定的compromising妥协的
tolerant忍让的
B
indifferent不感兴趣的，不偏不倚的unconcerned不关心的
concerned关注的worried担忧的
pessimistic悲观的depressed沮丧的
confident有信心的optimistic乐观的
interested感兴趣的impressed有深刻印象的
contemptuous鄙视的hostile有敌意的
C
subjective主观的personal有个人观点的，感情的
persuasive说服人的biased带偏见的
opinionated固执己见的objective客观的
impersonal不带个人感情的informative提供信息的
factual实事求是的impartial不偏袒的
D
formal正式的reverent恭敬的
polite拘束的informal非正式的
casual随便的familiar熟悉的
(二)总结
在判断作者观点态度时，应注意以下几方面。
1．有时作者先介绍某一种观点，接着又在后面提出了相反的观点。要正确判断作者的态度或观点，必须将上下文联系起来看。
2．必须注意文章中所陈述的内容并不都代表作者的观点，应加以区别判断。
3．作者也可通过使用词汇的手段来暗示自己对文中某一具体问题所持的态度和观点。这时，要仔细琢磨文中所用词汇的特点，弄明白作者的真实意图和倾向。
4．利用文章的中心思想和题材结构推断作者的态度。科技文章一般坚持实事求是的客观态度；议论则是表明对某件事情的主观看法，或赞成或反对或表扬或批评。
一篇文章不可避免地会反映作者的观点、态度和情绪。能否正确地把握作者的观点和态度是体现学生阅读理解能力的一个重要方面。这类题目主要是考查学生能否正确理解作者的写作意图、所持的观点及阐述文章主题时的语气或对他所论述的对象的态度。命题者命制这类题时往往涉及对有争议问题的看法，对事物的评价——作者持什么样的态度?是赞同还是反对?是同情、冷漠、失望还是批评、表扬?
(一)常见的提问形式
The author's main purpose in this passage is ...
The author's purpose of writing this passage is...
In this passage the author's attitude toward.., could best be described as...
What is the author's attitude towards...
. The author's main thought is that...
. The author's probably feels that...
. The writer discusses.., in order to illustrate which of the following?
. In this passage the author looks on ... with an attitude of...
. What is the tone/mood of the passage?
. The author argues in the passage that...
. According to the author...
解作者态度(attitude)或语气(tone)题，关键在于把握作者对全文主体事物(与主题有关)或某一具体事物的态度。由于作者态度主要由语言来表达，因此必须弄清有关表达褒义、中性和贬义的手段。
1．加入形容词定语。
例如：A．His words were few．
B．His interesting words were few．
假如A为中性叙述的话，那么B则体现了说话人对“He”的正面评价。
又如：C．They are all seniors．
D．They are all premature seniors．
同样，假如C项为中性叙述，那么由于加入形容词定语“premature”，D项表达了一种贬义。
2．加入副词状语。加入的副词状语通常是对动词的叙述加以界定。
例如：He successfully makes the travel plan．(表明一种正面态度)；They speak clumsily．(表明一种负面态度)
3．特殊动词。英语中有些动词也表明说话者的正负态度，如：fail(未能)、ignore(忽视)、overestimate(估计过高)等动词表示一种负态度。由上可知，确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词，确定作者的态度；如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。
例l3
English folk singers have adopted a conventional method of singing. During the performance the eyes are closed,the head is upraised,and a rigid expression of counte-nance is maintained until the song is finished. A short pause follows the conclusion,and then the singer relaxes his attitude and repeats in his ordinary voice the last line of the song, or its title. This is the invariably ritual or formal occasions. It does not proceed from any lack of appreciation. The English peasant is by nature a shy man and unde- monstrative, and on ceremonious occasions, as when he is singing before an audience, he becomes very nervous and restrained, and welcomes the shelter afforded by conven-tion.
The tone of this passage is best described as
A. persuading
B. pleading
C. matter-of-fact
D. ironic
这篇文章的语气是什么?是劝说性的A，或是恳求性的B，或客观的叙述C，或讽刺批评D?通读全文，我们体会不出A，B和D的语气。作者只是实事求是地描述英国乡村歌手的演唱风格及其造成的原因。因此C是答案。
例14
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible．If we are to solve the nursing shortage(不足)，hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel’s example．
At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state．Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient’S illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary．
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization，keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor．If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment，it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose an- other approach to his doctor．What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague．
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized(分散的)nursing administra- tion；every floor，every unit is a self-contained organization．There are nurse-manag-ers instead of head nurses：in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hir-ing and dismissin9，employee advisin9，and they make salary recommendations．Each unit’S nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when．
Beth Israel’S nurse—in—chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hos-pital．She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee，which in most hospi-tals includes only doctors．
The author’S attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is
A．negative
B．neutral
C．critical
D．positive
这道题与文章主题有关，只需看主题句——文章首句：Nursing at Beth Israel Hos-pital produces the best patient care possible．就可以了，由其中的褒义形容词“best”可以推出作者对Beth Israel Hospital护理体制的褒扬，因此D为正确答案。
例l5
Where do pesticides (杀虫剂) fit into the picture of environmental disease? We have seen that they now pollute soil, water, and food, that they have the power to make our streams fishless and our gardens and woodlands silent and birdless. Man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature. Can he escape a pollution that is now so thoroughly distributed throughout our world? We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause ex- tremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposes to sufficient quantities of pesti-cides is very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative (积累的) over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his life- time. For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored. It is human nature to shake off what may seem to us a threat of future disaster. "Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs,"says a wise physician, Dr. Rene Dubos, "yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed. "
What is the author's attitude towards the environmental effects of pesticides.?
A. Pessimistic.
C. Defensive.
B. Indifferent.
D. Concerned.
对这个问题的回答需要对全文主题有较好的把握：作者一开始就指出杀虫剂对环境的破坏，由此感慨人类可能受到影响；作者在第二段和第三段提醒人们不仅要注意大剂量的杀虫剂可以杀人，而且更要注意小剂量杀虫剂进入人体后日积月累所造成的更大危害，可是人们往往忽视后者所造成的危害。由作者提出这个问题并指出其危害，可见作者关心这个问题，因此D为正确答案。C的说法：“为杀虫剂对环境造成的后果进行辩护”不合逻辑，为错误选项。
除了知道如何寻找答案外，了解答案本身的含义也很重要；有些考生能对作者的态度做出正确判断，但对答案理解不清，也找不到正确答案。用于作者态度题选项的词可以按照经常一起出现的频率分为几大类。
A
positive肯定的，赞成的approving赞成的
negative否定的，反对的critical批评的
questioning质问的neutral中立的
detached不偏不倚的suspicious怀疑的
doubtful不敢肯定的compromising妥协的
tolerant忍让的
B
indifferent不感兴趣的，不偏不倚的unconcerned不关心的
concerned关注的worried担忧的
pessimistic悲观的depressed沮丧的
confident有信心的optimistic乐观的
interested感兴趣的impressed有深刻印象的
contemptuous鄙视的hostile有敌意的
C
subjective主观的personal有个人观点的，感情的
persuasive说服人的biased带偏见的
opinionated固执己见的objective客观的
impersonal不带个人感情的informative提供信息的
factual实事求是的impartial不偏袒的
D
formal正式的reverent恭敬的
polite拘束的informal非正式的
casual随便的familiar熟悉的
(二)总结
在判断作者观点态度时，应注意以下几方面。
1．有时作者先介绍某一种观点，接着又在后面提出了相反的观点。要正确判断作者的态度或观点，必须将上下文联系起来看。
2．必须注意文章中所陈述的内容并不都代表作者的观点，应加以区别判断。
3．作者也可通过使用词汇的手段来暗示自己对文中某一具体问题所持的态度和观点。这时，要仔细琢磨文中所用词汇的特点，弄明白作者的真实意图和倾向。
4．利用文章的中心思想和题材结构推断作者的态度。科技文章一般坚持实事求是的客观态度；议论则是表明对某件事情的主观看法，或赞成或反对或表扬或批评。
责编：cll