2015年成人学位英阅读理推理题解题法
推理题
大学英语考试中的阅读理解部分主要测试下述能力。
1．掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；
2．了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；
3．既理解字面意思，也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论；
4．既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文的逻辑关系。
其中所测试的第三种能力就是与推理题有关的，要求在理解表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以表面文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话做同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。推理题的目的是考识别能力，并不涉及复杂的判断和推理。因此，推理题的主要做法是：速读原文后，根据问题题干中的关键词或选项中的线索找到原文的相关句，读懂后，比照选项，对相关句进行同义改写或综合概括的选项为正确答案。做题时要注意题干的语言形式，如：According to the passage；It can be inferred from the passage that；It can be concluded from the passage that等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的问题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形式，可以采取以下做法。
(1)假如题干中提到具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句(一句或几句话)，然后做出推理。
(2)假如题干中无线索，如：It can be inferred from the passage that；It can be concluded from the passage that等，先扫一下四个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据有可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句，做出推理。
(3)如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer，conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，应该定位到文章主题所在位置(如主题句出现处)；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。
例59
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early interconti- nental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question "What is at the bottom of the oceans?" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
The proposal to lay a telegraph cable from Europe to America made oceanographic studies take on
A. an academic aspect
B. a military aspect
C. a business aspect
D. an international aspect
本题问的是铺设海底电缆这一建议使海洋学研究具有什么性质。只需根据题干找到原文的相关句：The first time that the question“What is at the bottom of the oceans?”had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed．只有当有人建议铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的海底电缆时，人们才开始从商业意义上对海底进行探索。由此可知，铺设海底电缆这一建议使海洋学研究具有商业性，那么C为正确答案。
例60
During the hours when you labour through your work you may say that you're "hot". That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body tem-perature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues ( 自言自语) as: "Get up, John ! you'll be late for work again !" The pos-sible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the eve-ning. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cy-cles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A. Unawareness of energy cycles.
B. Familiar monologues.
C. A change in a family member's energy cycle.
D. Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
根据题干中的关键词“family quarrels”找到原文相关句：Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean，and which cycle each member of the family has．假如夫妻明白能量周期是怎么回事，了解各个家庭成员拥有的周期，许多家庭争吵就会消失。那么，反之，不明白能量周期，就可能导致家庭争吵，因此A为正确答案。
例61
The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy pro-gramme, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spend-ing it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year 2000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide
A. more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000
B. only 3％ of the EEC's needs even after the year 2000
C. less than 3％ of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
D. 3％ of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
根据选项中提供的线索找到原文中的相关句：…that it was most unlikely that so-lar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community’s energy requirements even after the year 2000。既然2000年以后能提供的能量比例都不能达到3％，那么2000年以前就更不可能了，因此C为正确答案。
例62
If women are mercilessly exploited (剥削) year after year, they have only them-selves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of stand-ing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has noth-ing to wear.
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened； neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, com-fort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to bedrawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one won-ders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the of clothing.
A. cost
B. appearance
C. comfort
D. suitability
本题干以虚拟语气的形式问：假如时装设计师们更重视服装的哪个方面会使作者对他们的态度更温和一些(不如此尖刻)?由此可知作者在文中对时装设计师做过批判(第三段第二句)：Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth，comfort and durability(耐用)．根据上述相关句可知作者认为时装设计师不重视舒适，因此C为正确答案。
例63
We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposes to sufficient quantities of pesticides is very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
In the author's view, the sudden death caused by exposure to large amounts of pesticides
A. is not the worst of the negative consequences resulting from the use of pesticides
B. now occurs most frequently among all accidental deaths
C. has sharply increased so as to become the center of public attention
D. is unavoidable because people can't do without pesticides in farming
题干所说的问题在第二句：But this is not the major problem…we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides…但这不是主要的问题……我们必须更加关注吸收小量杀虫剂所产生的延发效应……，由此可知，作者认为接触大剂量杀虫剂所引起的突然死亡并非使用杀虫剂造成的坏后果，因此A项为正确答案。B、c、D三个选项均无法由原文推出，所以都应排除。
例64
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it un-der intentional control.
According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of
A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C. their strong desire to solve complex problems
D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
根据题干中的线索找到原文的相关句：Papousek concluded that…and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control．A项对Papousek结论的第二部分进行了同义改写，为正确答案。
例65
In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher (肉商), the baker, and the ice-cream man deliv-ered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and sur-plus (剩余的) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.
The statement "In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. " suggests
that
A. the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties
B. the author was not accustomed to use fridges even in his fifties
C. there was no fridge in the author's home in the 1950s
D. the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s
题干的意思是：50年代(fifties)没有冰箱(fridgeless)，当时我正值童年，但吃得不错，也很健康。只有C项表达了这个意思，为正确答案。A、B两个选项中的词组in his fifties意为“他五十几岁时”，与题干中的童年时代(childhood)相矛盾。这一语法差别值得考生注意：in one’s fifties(五十几岁)；in the fifties(50年代)，in the l950’S(50年代)。D项的意思与题干中的没有冰箱(fridgeless)不符，所以也不对。
大学英语考试中的阅读理解部分主要测试下述能力。
1．掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；
2．了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；
3．既理解字面意思，也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论；
4．既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文的逻辑关系。
其中所测试的第三种能力就是与推理题有关的，要求在理解表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以表面文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话做同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。推理题的目的是考识别能力，并不涉及复杂的判断和推理。因此，推理题的主要做法是：速读原文后，根据问题题干中的关键词或选项中的线索找到原文的相关句，读懂后，比照选项，对相关句进行同义改写或综合概括的选项为正确答案。做题时要注意题干的语言形式，如：According to the passage；It can be inferred from the passage that；It can be concluded from the passage that等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的问题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形式，可以采取以下做法。
(1)假如题干中提到具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句(一句或几句话)，然后做出推理。
(2)假如题干中无线索，如：It can be inferred from the passage that；It can be concluded from the passage that等，先扫一下四个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据有可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句，做出推理。
(3)如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer，conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，应该定位到文章主题所在位置(如主题句出现处)；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。
例59
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early interconti- nental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question "What is at the bottom of the oceans?" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
The proposal to lay a telegraph cable from Europe to America made oceanographic studies take on
A. an academic aspect
B. a military aspect
C. a business aspect
D. an international aspect
本题问的是铺设海底电缆这一建议使海洋学研究具有什么性质。只需根据题干找到原文的相关句：The first time that the question“What is at the bottom of the oceans?”had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed．只有当有人建议铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的海底电缆时，人们才开始从商业意义上对海底进行探索。由此可知，铺设海底电缆这一建议使海洋学研究具有商业性，那么C为正确答案。
例60
During the hours when you labour through your work you may say that you're "hot". That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body tem-perature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues ( 自言自语) as: "Get up, John ! you'll be late for work again !" The pos-sible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the eve-ning. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cy-cles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A. Unawareness of energy cycles.
B. Familiar monologues.
C. A change in a family member's energy cycle.
D. Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
根据题干中的关键词“family quarrels”找到原文相关句：Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean，and which cycle each member of the family has．假如夫妻明白能量周期是怎么回事，了解各个家庭成员拥有的周期，许多家庭争吵就会消失。那么，反之，不明白能量周期，就可能导致家庭争吵，因此A为正确答案。
例61
The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy pro-gramme, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spend-ing it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year 2000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide
A. more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000
B. only 3％ of the EEC's needs even after the year 2000
C. less than 3％ of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
D. 3％ of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
根据选项中提供的线索找到原文中的相关句：…that it was most unlikely that so-lar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community’s energy requirements even after the year 2000。既然2000年以后能提供的能量比例都不能达到3％，那么2000年以前就更不可能了，因此C为正确答案。
例62
If women are mercilessly exploited (剥削) year after year, they have only them-selves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of stand-ing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has noth-ing to wear.
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened； neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, com-fort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to bedrawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one won-ders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the of clothing.
A. cost
B. appearance
C. comfort
D. suitability
本题干以虚拟语气的形式问：假如时装设计师们更重视服装的哪个方面会使作者对他们的态度更温和一些(不如此尖刻)?由此可知作者在文中对时装设计师做过批判(第三段第二句)：Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth，comfort and durability(耐用)．根据上述相关句可知作者认为时装设计师不重视舒适，因此C为正确答案。
例63
We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposes to sufficient quantities of pesticides is very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
In the author's view, the sudden death caused by exposure to large amounts of pesticides
A. is not the worst of the negative consequences resulting from the use of pesticides
B. now occurs most frequently among all accidental deaths
C. has sharply increased so as to become the center of public attention
D. is unavoidable because people can't do without pesticides in farming
题干所说的问题在第二句：But this is not the major problem…we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides…但这不是主要的问题……我们必须更加关注吸收小量杀虫剂所产生的延发效应……，由此可知，作者认为接触大剂量杀虫剂所引起的突然死亡并非使用杀虫剂造成的坏后果，因此A项为正确答案。B、c、D三个选项均无法由原文推出，所以都应排除。
例64
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it un-der intentional control.
According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of
A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C. their strong desire to solve complex problems
D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
根据题干中的线索找到原文的相关句：Papousek concluded that…and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control．A项对Papousek结论的第二部分进行了同义改写，为正确答案。
例65
In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher (肉商), the baker, and the ice-cream man deliv-ered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and sur-plus (剩余的) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.
The statement "In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. " suggests
that
A. the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties
B. the author was not accustomed to use fridges even in his fifties
C. there was no fridge in the author's home in the 1950s
D. the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s
题干的意思是：50年代(fifties)没有冰箱(fridgeless)，当时我正值童年，但吃得不错，也很健康。只有C项表达了这个意思，为正确答案。A、B两个选项中的词组in his fifties意为“他五十几岁时”，与题干中的童年时代(childhood)相矛盾。这一语法差别值得考生注意：in one’s fifties(五十几岁)；in the fifties(50年代)，in the l950’S(50年代)。D项的意思与题干中的没有冰箱(fridgeless)不符，所以也不对。
责编：cll