2018年成人学位英阅读理词义题解题法
- 第3页：利用同义关系解题
- 第4页：利用语法和逻辑解题
4．利用语法和逻辑解题
有时根据上下文提供的线索或者其他方法，仍然不能得到惟一答案，就可以利用语法和逻辑方面的规则来判断，符合语法和逻辑规则的可能为正确答案，反之则不是答案。
例49
The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and re- liable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
"defied" probably means
A. doubted
C. challenged
B. gave proof to
D. agreed to
"defied"所在的分句为：... it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea．其中fact就是指前半句的内容，由此可知，前半句与which引导的定语从句中的宾语通过defied发生联系：前半句说的是海底有生物，而定语从句中的宾语及其同位语从句说的是当代科学认为海底没有生命，可见defied表示否定的含义，这样只有A项和C项符合条件，而由于A项doubted通常不能以物作主语，所以只有C项合适，为正确答案。
例50
It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.
Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will "obey" spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and de- lighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.
Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is a- greed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire (能发出的全部声音). This self-imitation leads on to deliberate (有意识的) imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.
By"... challenges explanation'(Para. 1) the author means that
A. no explanation is necessary for such an obvious phenomenon
B. no explanation has been made up to now
C. it's no easy job to provide an adequate explanation
D. it's high time that an explanation was provided
要做好这道题，首先必须理解段的意思：It is，everyone agrees，a huge task…，and the fact that he does SO in SO short a period of time challenges explanation．人人都认为……不是一项简单任务，而且……，由此可见challenge(要求)与a huge task同义，即解释小孩为何能在这么短的一段时间内学会说话绝非易事，值得进行，那么C为正确答案：做出合适的解释并不容易。其实，对于challenge词义的理解也非常重要，因为它在这里只有当“要求”讲才能讲得通，所以可以从逻辑上考虑。
例51
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty (保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
The phrase "live up to" in the context means
A. meet the standard of
B. realize the purpose of
C. fulfil the demands of
D. keep the promise of
所考词汇在文中的相关句为：When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer’S claim for it…，由此可知not live up to在这里等于faulty(劣质)，那么live up to就表示产品合格，即与厂家所宣称的标准相符，所以A为正确答案。其他几个答案代人“live up to”所在的地方，与the manufacturer’S claim for it搭配不合逻辑，所以都应排除。
例52
It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus (对，对抗) individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption (设想) that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scat- tered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.
The word "rage" means "
A. be ignored
B. develop with great force
C. encourage people greatly
D. be in fashion
所考词汇在文中的相关句为It is likely that the dispute regarding fiats versus(对，对抗)individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned．只要将四个答案代入“rage”所在的位置，就可以推出B项为正确答案；A项代人后，句子成了the dispute…will continue to be ignored，这与下一句．．．．there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever the subject is raised．(一谈起这个话题，双方便很激动。)相矛盾：因为情绪激动就会争论，而有争论就不可能被忽视；将C项和D项分别代入有关位置，从逻辑上讲都讲不通。
有时根据上下文提供的线索或者其他方法，仍然不能得到惟一答案，就可以利用语法和逻辑方面的规则来判断，符合语法和逻辑规则的可能为正确答案，反之则不是答案。
例49
The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and re- liable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
"defied" probably means
A. doubted
C. challenged
B. gave proof to
D. agreed to
"defied"所在的分句为：... it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea．其中fact就是指前半句的内容，由此可知，前半句与which引导的定语从句中的宾语通过defied发生联系：前半句说的是海底有生物，而定语从句中的宾语及其同位语从句说的是当代科学认为海底没有生命，可见defied表示否定的含义，这样只有A项和C项符合条件，而由于A项doubted通常不能以物作主语，所以只有C项合适，为正确答案。
例50
It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.
Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will "obey" spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and de- lighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.
Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is a- greed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire (能发出的全部声音). This self-imitation leads on to deliberate (有意识的) imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.
By"... challenges explanation'(Para. 1) the author means that
A. no explanation is necessary for such an obvious phenomenon
B. no explanation has been made up to now
C. it's no easy job to provide an adequate explanation
D. it's high time that an explanation was provided
要做好这道题，首先必须理解段的意思：It is，everyone agrees，a huge task…，and the fact that he does SO in SO short a period of time challenges explanation．人人都认为……不是一项简单任务，而且……，由此可见challenge(要求)与a huge task同义，即解释小孩为何能在这么短的一段时间内学会说话绝非易事，值得进行，那么C为正确答案：做出合适的解释并不容易。其实，对于challenge词义的理解也非常重要，因为它在这里只有当“要求”讲才能讲得通，所以可以从逻辑上考虑。
例51
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty (保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
The phrase "live up to" in the context means
A. meet the standard of
B. realize the purpose of
C. fulfil the demands of
D. keep the promise of
所考词汇在文中的相关句为：When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer’S claim for it…，由此可知not live up to在这里等于faulty(劣质)，那么live up to就表示产品合格，即与厂家所宣称的标准相符，所以A为正确答案。其他几个答案代人“live up to”所在的地方，与the manufacturer’S claim for it搭配不合逻辑，所以都应排除。
例52
It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus (对，对抗) individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption (设想) that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scat- tered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.
The word "rage" means "
A. be ignored
B. develop with great force
C. encourage people greatly
D. be in fashion
所考词汇在文中的相关句为It is likely that the dispute regarding fiats versus(对，对抗)individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned．只要将四个答案代入“rage”所在的位置，就可以推出B项为正确答案；A项代人后，句子成了the dispute…will continue to be ignored，这与下一句．．．．there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever the subject is raised．(一谈起这个话题，双方便很激动。)相矛盾：因为情绪激动就会争论，而有争论就不可能被忽视；将C项和D项分别代入有关位置，从逻辑上讲都讲不通。
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