2015年成人学位英语写作基本写作知识与技巧
基本写作知识与技巧
一般文章都可以分成三部分：开头部分、中间段落和结尾部分。如果考生对于每一部分该如何写作和展开都比较了解的话，那么应付考试的作文是不成问题的。下面分别就3个部分该如何写作来进行总结和沦述，希望能够对考生的复习备考以及应试有一定的帮助。
(一)开头部分
好的开始就是成功的一半，因此文章的开头部分十分重要。但是，万事开头难，写好开头并不是容易的事。因此，除了给出首句的作文之外，一般作文都存在着如何开头的问题。好的作文开头应该能够做到两方面，既要引出文章的主题，又要能够引起读者的兴趣。关于作文开头的方法，编者为考生总结了几种比较常用的，希望考生能够在平时写作练习和复习时加以应用。
1.巧引名言警句和成语谚语，引出文章主题
恰当地引用名言警句或者使用成语谚语，可以为文章增添光彩。尤其是用在作文的开头，既可以巧妙地说明文章的主题，又能够引起读者的兴趣。但是，考生一定要注意，所引用的名言警句和成语要适合文章的内容和主题，而不是单纯地为了引用而引用，那样反而会让
读者觉得别扭或者突兀，起不到应有的效果。
在引用名言警句和成语谚语作为文章的开头时，有一些惯用的表达方式。例如：
As the saying goes, "..."
An old saying goes like this, "..."
In China/In the West there is an old saying that ...
As the proverb goes/says/runs, "..."
An old Chinese proverb says, "..."
There is an old Chinese/Westem saying that ...
Francis Bacon once said, "..."
"... ", which is the inspiring/instructive/encouraging remark of ...
"... ". Such is the universal truth of ...
As is known to all
It is known to all tIlat…
此外，要做到能够恰当地引用名言警句和成语谚语，考生必须在平时多注意积累，才能够有话可引，并且引得恰当。
2.以问题作为文章开头
以问题作为文章的开头，可以吸引读者的注意，引起读者阅读的兴趣，让读者急于想要知道问题的答案是什么，你对这个问题的理解是怎样的，你的文章又能得出什么结论。多用在议论文中。
但是，考生要注意的是，这个问题必须是与主题紧密相关的，或者说就是题目要求讨论的问题。假如把不相关的问题放在开头的话，读者会觉得你的开头与整个文章不符，或者认为你脱离了主题，偏题太远。
考生可以以疑问句开头，通过逐步论述得出问题的答案。或者也可以用设问开头，自问自答，既吸引了读者的注意，又给读者提供了相关信息。
以问题作为文章的开头，也有一些常用的表达方式，考生在复习备考时可以参照练习。
例如：
What is... ? Different people may have different answers to this question. Some think...
Others think... In my opinion,...
When it comes to... , some people may think... , while others think...
How can we... ?
Where is the future of... ?
Should students/the government... ? This is the most frequently asked question in recent days concerning...
It has become a common concern as to who will be the next President of the U. S. ?
When asked about... , some people may say... , while others think differently.../many
people may say that...
What are the essential elements of happiness? There may be many different answers, such as...
采用这种方法开头时，考生要注意后面文章的发展也要围绕这个问题，即主题展开。不要偏离主题。
3.以概括说明情况或现象作为开头
把对某种情况或者现象的概括说明作为开头，可以在开头部分引出文章要论述的主题，并给读者很多相关信息。然后，考生可以对这种情况或现象进行进一步说明，或者深层次论述。这种方法主要用于议论文或者说明文当中。
常用的表达方法包括：
Nowadays...seems in fashion...
In recent years, ... has become hot.
One of the most frequently discussed topic is...
Now the hottest issue is...
As the.., develops, there arises a serious problem...
With the rapid development ofmany people can get access to...
Nowadays more and more people come to realize that...
There is an increasing awareness of...
People usually...
In the past, people used toAnd now, great changes has taken place...
There is a great shift in...
Presently, people talk a lot about...
Now a lot of people feel that...
Nowadays many people show interest in...
It has become a fashion that...
These years have seen great changes in...
It is believed/accepted/valued that...
Many a nation is facing with the problem of...
It is the common concern that...
Currently, there is a growing interest in...
Everywhere in China we can see...
4.以作者的论点作为开头
这种方法就是开篇提出作者的论点，开门见山，直截了当，不拖泥带水。一般用于}义论文中。这样开头的好处就是读者一眼就能了解文章的主题和作者的态度，比较清晰。
常用的开篇表明作者论点的表达方法有很多，例如：
I believe that...
There is no doubt that...
It is important/necessary/essential/desirable that...
It is dangerous/immoral for.., to...
The most important thing in the world is...
There is no denying that...
It is out of question that...
Nowadays there is an increasing necessity of.../to...
It is time that we...
We should pay more attention to...
The importance of... can never be overemphasized.
The development of... requires...
To achieve success, we should...
Measures should be taken to...
The government should invest more on...
Greater concern should be given to the issue of...
No one can deny that...
The universal truth is...
5.以定义式句子作为文章开头
这种方法的好处是可以在文章开头点明主题，并提供相关主题的定义性信息，让读者能够清楚地了解作者所要讲述的内容是什么。这种方法多用于关键词式的作文。从文体上看，可以用于议论文、说明文等。
常用的定义式句子包括：
...means...
... is/are...
... is defined as...
... refers to...
... Such is what we call...
What we call.., is in fact...
... signifies...
To define...,
In definition,.., is...
In other words,...
In explanation,...
To be specific,...
To explain... ,
To put it in another way,...
In a word,.., is actually...
6.图表式作文常用的开头表达方式
图表式作文是一种很特别的写作类型，主要是因为它采用了图表作为传达信息的主要手段。对于这类作文，我们有一些常用的表达方式来作为文章的开头，考生可以多注意积累和练习。例如：
It can be seen from the table/diagram that...
The table/chart shows that...
The data/figures/statistics suggest that...
The table/chart/graph is mainly about...
The data in the table have proved that there is an increase of...
The statistics suggest that there is a slight/sharp/considerable/great/dramatic/
steady/gradu-al/large/ slow/rapid/small/remarkable/sudden/marked increase/rise/
decrease/drop/decline/reduc-tion/fall of...
As is shown in the table/chart...
As is seen from the figures in the table,...
What can be seen from the table is that...
Comparing the two tables, we can see that...
Through a comparison between these two charts, we can say that...
不管是否使用上述表达方式，考生应该清楚，图表式作文的开头一般都是从图表本身出发的，或者是说明图表本身的内容，或者是说明图表所展示的内容，随后可以对这些内容加以扩展。
报名热点:2015年成人学位英语报名专题考试指南