Let us look now at some examples. A department store's inputs include the land upon which the building is located, the labor of the employees, capital in the form of building, equipment and merchandise, and the management skills of the store managers. On a farm, the operation system is the transformation that occurs when a farmer's inputs (land, equipment, labor, etc.) are converted into such outputs as corn, wheat or milk. The exact form of the conversion process varies from industry to industry, but it is an economic phenomenon that exists in every industry. Economists refer to this transformation of resources into goods and services as the production function. For all operation systems, the general goal is to create some kind of value-added outputs that are worth more to consumers than just the sum of the individual inputs. To the consumers, the resulting products offer utility due to the form, the time, or the place of their availability from the conversion process.
　　However, the process is subject to random fluctuations. Unplanned or uncontrollable influences may cause the actual output to differ from planned output. Random fluctuations can arise from external disruption (fire, floods or lightning, for example) or from internal problems inherent in the conversion process. Inherent variability of equipment, material imperfections, and human errors all affect output quality. In fact, random variations are the rule rather than the exception in production processes; therefore, reducing variation becomes a major management task.
　　The function of the feedback is to provide information linkages. Without some feedback of information, management personnel cannot control operations because they don't know the results of their directions.
　　21. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
　　A. The transformation process of a department store from inputs into outputs is different from that of a farm.
　　B. The conversion process of a department store from inputs into outputs is the same as that of a farm.
　　C. The transformation process can be totally free from random fluctuation.
　　D. Random fluctuation is important to the conversion process.
　　答案： A
　　22.Which of the following will NOT result in random fluctuation?
　　A. Unreliable equipment.
　　B. Cash input.
　　C. Management skills.
　　D. Earthquake.
　　答案： B
　　23.The main idea of the second paragraph is that ______.
　　A. random fluctuation can be eliminated from the transformation process from inputs into outputs
　　B. the transformation process from inputs into outputs can not be free from random fluctuation
　　C. human errors are the sole causes for random fluctuation
　　D. the inherent problems in the transformation process are the most important for random fluctuation
　　答案： B
　　24.It can be inferred from the passage that random fluctuation ______.
　　A. is good to the desired transformation
　　B. will affect the quality of the goods produced
　　C. can provide information for the managers as feedback
　　D. does not help to provide enough information for the managers
　　答案： B
　　25.What is the passage mainly about?
　　A. The random fluctuation.
　　B. The function of feedback.
　　C. The transformation process.
　　D. The investment in all forms in the production.
　　答案： C

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