Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfin-ished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.

根据下面资料，回答{TSE}题

The city has always been an engine of intellectual life, from the 18th-century cafes of Lon-don, where citizens gathered to discuss chemistry and politics, to the Left Bank bars of modem Paris, where Picasso talked about modem art. Without the metropolis, we might not have had the great art of Shakespeare.

And yet, city life isn' t easy. Now scientists have begun to examine how the city affects the brain, and the results are depressing. Just being in an urban environment, they have found, im-pairs(损害) our basic mental processes. After spending a few minutes on a crowded city street,the brain is less able to hold things in memory, and suffers from reduced self-control. While it' s long been recognized that city life is exhausting, this new research suggests that cities actually dull our thinking, sometimes dramatically so.

One of the main forces at work is a complete lack of nature, which is surprisingly beneficial for the brain. Studies have demonstrated, for instance, that hospital patients recover more quickly when they can see trees from their windows, and that women living in public housing are better able to focus when their apartments overlook a lawn. Even these glimpses of nature improve brain performance, it seems, because they provide a mental break from the urban life.

This research arrives just as humans cross an important milestone(里程碑). For the first time in history, the majority of people live in cities. Instead of inhabiting wide-open spaces, we' re crowded into concrete jungles, surrounded by traffic and millions of strangers. In recent years, it' s become clear that such unnatural surroundings have important implications for our mental and phys-ical health, and can powerfully alter how we think.

This research is also leading some scientists to dabble( 涉足 ) in urban design, as they look for ways to make the city less damaging to the brain. The good news is that even slight alterations,such as planting more trees in the inner city or creating urban parks with a greater variety of plants, can significantly reduce the negative side effects of city life. The mind needs nature, and even a lit-tle bit can be a big help.

第21题 Which of the following is the main idea of this passage?

A.The city inspires talented people.

B.The city hurts your brain.

C.The city has many pleasures and benefits.

D.The city seriously affects the natural balance.

第22题 The word "metropolis" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to__________.

A.citizen

B.nature

C.city

D.stress

第23题 People have just come to realize that__________.

A.human attention is a scarce resource

B.city life can make people very tired

C.the city is an engine of intellectual life

D.an urban environment is damaging to the brain

第24题 What is the factor mentioned in the third paragraph that helps the hospital patients recover more quickly?

A.Nature.

B.Better treatment.

C.Experienced doctors.

D.Good medicine.

第25题 According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A.Different aspects(方面) of an urban environment, such as the crowded streets, can lead to an increase in self-control.

B.Small changes in urban design cannot reduce the negative side effects of city life.

C.For the first time in history,, the earth' s population is more urban than rural.

D.A walk down a busy city street will improve brain performance.

根据下面资料，回答{TSE}题

In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud and giving speeches.

In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced de-grees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process of testing candidates for the doctor' s degree.

Generally, however, modem examinations are written. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same questions, was probably not known until the nineteenth century.

Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modem industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory. Gen-erally, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines.

One type of test is sometimes called an "objective" test. It is intended to deal with facts, not personal opinions. To make up an objective test, the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like answers to students who have not learned the material properly.

第26题 What' s the most important examination type in the Middle Age?

A.Writing test.

B.Listening test.

C.Speaking test.

D.None of them.

第27题 The main idea of last paragraph is that __________.

A.workers now take examinations

B.information related to objective test

C.there are only written exams

D.examinations are now written and timed

第28题 The exam in which students are required to select answers is __________.

A.personal

B.spoken

C.objective

D.written

第29题 Which of the following is Not true about written test?

A.The questions are the same.

B.It should be finished within limited time.

C.Teachers and students are expected to act like machines.

D.Machines to take tests.

第30题 It can be inferred from the passage that testing __________.

A.should test only opinions

B.should always be written

C.has changed since the Middle Ages

D.is given only in factories

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