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直接引语和间接引语

John said , “ I ‘m going to London with my father .”

John said that he was going to London with his father .

一般疑问句变成以if (whether ) 引导的宾语从句

He said , “Have you all understood this passage ?”

He asked the class if they had all understood that passage 。

祈使句变为动词不定式， 作ask , tell 等动词的宾语补足语。表示命令时常用 tell , order 等；表示请求时常用ask , beg 等动词，原句中的don’t 应变为 not 。

The manager said to the clerk , “Be polite to all the clients .”

The manager told the clerk to be polite to all the clients .

如主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来时态

He says , “ I am very busy reading the book .”

He says that he is very busy reading the book .

如主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词应发生如下变化：

一般现在时———一般过去时

现在进行时———过去进行时

一般将来时———过去将来时

现在完成时———过去完成时

一般过去时———过去完成时 过去完成时不变

直接引语转换成间接引语时，代词一般相应变化如下：

this -- that last week – the week before

therse – those three days ago – three days before

now – then tomorrow – the next day

today – that day next week – the (next ) following week

this week – that week here -- there

yesterday – the day before come – go

介词

at 表示确切的时间点或较短暂的一段时间 at two o’clock

in 表示一天中的各部分时间或较长的时间 in the morning , in spring , in 1967

on表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午或下午 on Sunday , on Monday afternoon

durning 表示一段时间 ，强调时间的延续 durning the Summer vacation

at one time 过去有段时间、从前

at the same time 同时

on time 按时

below 表示低于 ， 温度低于多少度

above 表示高于 ， 温度高于多少度

几个形容词修饰一个名词的时候，排列顺序如下：

好坏、美丑等 + 大小、新旧、颜色 + 质地、属性 + 名词

和前缀a- 组成的形容词只能做表语而不能做定语， afraid , alive , alike ,alone , ashamed , asleep , awake etc.