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第八节动词（7-1~13-1）

考试大纲要求

动词包括时态、被动语态、动名词、分词以及虚拟语气。

（1）动词的分类：及物动词与不及物动词；连系动词；助动词；情态动词。

（2）动词的基本形式：动词原形、过去分词、现在分词；不规则动词的形式

（3）动词主要时态的构成及其用法。包括一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时，一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，完成进行时，一般将来时，将来完成时，过去将来时。

（4）情态动词及其基本用法。

（5）非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的形式及主要用法。

（6）被动语态的构成及其基本用法。

（7）虚拟语气的常见形式及其基本用法。

一、动词的分类

动词类型在句子中的用法

及物动词后面接宾语

不及物动词后面不接宾语，或接"介词/副词+宾语"

连系动词后面接表语

助动词后面接动词原形

情态动词后面接动词原形，或接动词的完成式

二、动词的基本形式

动词除原形外，还有过去式、过去分词和现在分词三种形式。

（一）过去式和过去分词的构成

1．一般情况下在原形后加-ed。如：work-worked, help-helped。

2．以e结尾的单词，在原形后加-d。如：like-liked, joke-joked, hope-hoped.

3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的单词，变y为i再加-ed。如：study-studied, carry-carried, copy-copied。

4．以重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的单词，双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed。如：stop-stopped, prefer-preferred, admit-admitted, plan-planned.

有些动词的过去式和过去分词有特殊的形式。

cost-cost-cost

meet-met- met

catch-caught-caught

rise-rose-risen

drive-drove- driven

get-got-got/gotten

leave-left-left

smell-smelt/smelled-smelt/smelled

tell-told-told

take-took-taken

（二）现在分词的构成

1．一般情况下在原形后加-ing。如：go-going, carry-carrying, play-playing, answer-answering, ask-asking。

2．以不发音的e结尾的单词，去e加-ing 。如：live-living, come-coming, dance-dancing, write-writing。

3．以重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词，双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ing 。如：sit-sitting, begin-beginning, permit-permitting, run-running, forget-forgetting.

有些动词的现在分词有其特殊形式。如：die-dying, lie-lying, tie-tying, picnic-picnicking.

三、动词的主要时态

（一）一般现在时

一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作、现在的特征和状态、普遍真理等。

Galileo said the earth moves around the sun.

一般现在时的谓语形式：

1．当动词为实义动词，如read, go, look时，谓语用动词原形，否定句在动词前面加do not ，疑问句加助动词do 。常和always, often, usually, sometimes, everyday等表示时间的状语连用。

I go to school everyday.

I read the newspapers after lunch.

Do you agree with me?(agree with sb. 同意某人观点)

I don't quite agree with you.

主语为第三人称单数时，动词后面一般加s（具体变化规则与名词变复数相同）。否定句加does not, 疑问句加does .

My father gets up at six everyday.

He loves sports.

Does it hurt?

Does Miss Wu teach us English?

The machine doesn't run smoothly.

2．当动词为be时，谓语随人称和数的不同用am, is, are 三种形式。

One is not guilty until he is proved. 在被证明有罪之前，人都是无罪的。

Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。

She isn't afraid to go to school alone now.

Are you from Yunnan?（be from 来自……地方）

What she says is true.

3．当动词为have, 表示"有"时，谓语用have, 主语为第三人称单数时，用has. 否定句相应用haven't, hasn't, 或don't have , doesn't have, 疑问句将have, has 提至主语前面或加助动词do, does.

My sister has a lot of toys.

She always have a lot of homework to do.

Has she/Does she have any money on her?

They don't have/haven't much experience.

当have 作实义动词，如have a look, have breakfast, have lunch, have supper时，句子的谓语形式与其他实义动词相同。

Let's have a look at the picture.

I always have breakfast at home.

She often has lunch in the dinning hall.

always、often通常放在系动词之后，实意动词之前。


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