2008年成考专升本英语重点语法七:非谓语动词
七、非谓语动词(不定式、分词、动名词)
(一)不定式
1、一般用法
1)作主语:Tosaysomethingisonething,todoitisanother.说是一码事,干是另一码事。
***形式主语itItisnotfairtoblamethemfortheaccident.
2)作表语:Mysuggestionistocarryouttheplanimmediately.
3)作宾语:Heofferedtogowithus.他提出和我们一起去。
***形式宾语itWefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyinadvance.
Iconsideritmydutytopointouttheirshortcomings.
4)作宾语或主语的补足语:Mr.Smithwantshissontobecomealawyer.
Thesuspectedmanwasseentoenterthebuilding.
此类动词还有如ask,advise,allow,compel,encourage,hear,intend,lead,inspire,order,persuade等。
***hope,demand,suggest不可接不定式作宾补,但可跟that引出的宾语从句。
HehopedthatIwouldgivehimmorehelp.Thedoctorsuggeststhatmyfather(should)stopsmoking.
***在see,hear,lookat,listento,feel,observe,watch,notice等感官动词,以及let,make,have等动词后面的不定式要省掉to.但注意在其被动语态中,作为主补的不定式要加上to.
Wearemadetowriteacompositioneveryweekbytheteacher.
5)构成复合谓语结构:
①"besaid(reported,known…)+不定式"可换成:itissaid(reported,known…)that…
ShanxiProvinceisknowntohaverichcoalreserves.=ItisknownthatShanxi……
②seem(happen,appear,prove,tend)+不定式
Ihappenedtobeoutwhenshecalled.碰巧出去了
③belikely(certain,sure,willing,anxious,ready,bound,eager,reluctant)+不定式
Theyarelikelytosucceed.Sheisalwaysreadytohelpothers.
6)作定语(一般为后置修饰语)
Heusedtohavealotofmeetingstoattend.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.
①英语中有一些名词常跟不定式作定语:ability,agreement,ambition,attempt,claim,decision,hope,intention,failure,need,refusal,plan,promise,tendency,wish,willingness,threat,anxiety
Hisattempttosolvetheproblemfailedagain.Theirdecisiontogiveuptheexperimentsurprisedus.
②thefirst,second,last,only(thing),best(thing)等后面常跟不定式作定语。
Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.Whatisthebestthingtodo?
7)作状语(表示目的,原因,结果等)
Theywillgotothestationtomeettheguests.Weareoverjoyedtoseeyou.
常跟不定式作原因状语的形容词有:happy,glad,relieved,astonished,amazed,overjoyed,surprised,sad
不定式也可作结果状语,仅限于learn得知,find发现,see看见,hear听见,tobetold被告知,make使得等具有界限含义的动词,onlyto常表示令人不快的结果。
Hereturnedhometolearnhisdaughterhadjustbeenengaged.
IhurriedtoProfessorWang’shouseonlytofindhewasout.
①不定式与inorderto,soasto连用,作目的状语;与so(such)…asto连用,作目的状语和结果状语。
Inordertocatchthetrain,hehurriedthroughhiswork.Hewassoangryastobeunabletospeak.
②不定式与enough和too…to连用,作程度状语。
③alltoo,onlytoo…加不定式不表示否定的意思:I’monlytoopleasedtohelpyou.我非常愿意帮助你。
8)插入语:Tobefair,hehasworkedhardthesedays.Wedon’tlikeyouridea,totellyouthetruth.
2、注意问题:
1)不定式的逻辑主语
(1)for+名词或代词宾语+不定式:Ifounditimpossibleforhimtodothejobalone.
(2)不定式独立结构:Heproposedapicnic,hehimselftopaytherailwaytickets,andJohntoprovidethefood.
在表示人物性格、特点等的形容词后,用of引出不定式的逻辑主语:
Itwaswiseofhimtodothat.Ithinkitwrongofhimnottoacceptourinvitation.
常见的这类形容词有:
absurd荒唐的bold大胆的brave勇敢的clever聪明的courageous有勇气的rude无礼的
considerate考虑周到的foolish愚蠢的honest诚实的polite有礼貌的silly傻的
grateful感激的wicked邪恶的thoughtful体贴的careless粗心的right正确的
2)不定式的否定式:not+todoTheydecidednottogiveuptrying.
3)连接词+不定式:Hewilltellushowtousethelibrary.
4)省to的不定式
①口语以why开头的简单句:Whynotgooutforawalk?Whydoitthatway?
②hadbetter,wouldrather…(than),would…ratherthan,wouldsooner…(than),cannotbut…,can’thelpbut…,may(might)aswell习惯用法
Ratherthanbeginthestreet,hewouldprefertodieofhunger.他宁愿饿死也不上街。
Icould’thelpbutwaitforthenextbustocome.我不得不等下一趟车。
***③donothing/anything/everythingbut(except)
LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.Johnwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.
****其他的谓语形式要用to:
Therewasnothingforthemtodobuttoremainsilent.Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.
3、不定式的"体"式和语态
体式主动语态被动语态
一般式towritetobewritten
完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten
进行式tobewriting
完成进行式tohavebeenwriting
⑴体式①Iamsorrytohearthenews.(不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后,或同时发生)
②Theyseemtobehavingameeting.(不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生)
③Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrenderedtwodaysbefore.(不定式先于谓语动作)
⑵语态①出现动作的执行者,用主动式:Ihaveameetingtoattend.
否则用被动语态:Herearetheclothestobewashed.
②在"表语(或宾语补足语)+不定式"结构中,常用不定式的主动式代替被动式:
TheyfoundProfessorJones’lecturehardtounderstand.Sheisnicetotalkto.
③习惯用法:Noneofuswastoblameforthat.
Thedogwasnowheretobefound.
(二)分词(现在分词和过去分词)
比较:剥削阶级theexploitingclass被剥削阶级theexploitedclass
正在采花的女孩thegirlgatheringflowers今天早晨采集的花theflowersgatheredthismorning
落叶fallenleaves凋谢的花fadedflowers开水boiledwater新到的商品newlyarrivedgoods
1、一般用法
1)作表语,现在分词常表示特性,过去分词常表示状态。
Hisargumentisveryconvincing.他的论点很令人信服。Theywereveryexcitedatthenews.
2)作定语
Don’tdisturbthesleepingchild.Thearrestedmurdererwillbetriedsoon.那个被逮捕的杀人犯将受到审讯。
分词作定语的位置
Youmayaskthelady(whois)sittingatthedesk.
Those(whohavebeen)electedascommitteememberswillattendthemeeting.(当选为委员的人)
3)作宾语(或主语)的补足语
Helikestositonthebeachandwatchtheseagullsflying.(海鸥)Theworklefteveryoneexhausted.
4)作状语
Hearingtheknockonthedoor,theystoppedtalking.(=Whentheyheard…。)
Askedtoworkovertimethatevening,Imissedawonderfulfilm.(=AsIwasaskedto…。)
Theystoodtherewaitingforthebus.(andwerewaiting…。)
Thebanditsfledintothemountains,pursuedbythepolicemen.(andwerepursued…。)
5)分词的独立结构
Therainhavingstopped,thesoldierscontinuedtheirmarch.
Theboysreturned,theirfacecoveredwithsweat.
演变:Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,abag(being)inhishand.
Hestoppedandturnedabout,hiseyes(being)brightlyproud.Breakfastover,hewenttohisoffice.
Shelefttheroomwiththecandleburningonthetable.Hewanderedinwithoutshoesorsockson.
6)作插入语
Generallyspeaking,Ipreferricetonoodles.Judgingfromhisaccent,hemustbeasoutherner.
2、体式和语态
Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.
Nothavingmadeadequatepreparations,wepostponedthesportsmeet.
Havingstudiedhardduringtheterm,hepassedtheexam.
Heissaidtohavestudiedhardandpassedtheexam.Whoisthepatientbeingoperatedon?
(二)动名词
1、一般用法
1)作主语和表语Seeingisbelieving.Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.
(1)形式主语itItisnouse/goodquarrelingwithher.Isitworthwhiletryingagain?
(2)Thereisno+V-ingThereisnojokingaboutthismatter.
2)作宾语
Heenjoyslisteningtoclassicalmusic.Wemustavoidmakingsuchmistakesagain.
(一)不定式
1、一般用法
1)作主语:Tosaysomethingisonething,todoitisanother.说是一码事,干是另一码事。
***形式主语itItisnotfairtoblamethemfortheaccident.
2)作表语:Mysuggestionistocarryouttheplanimmediately.
3)作宾语:Heofferedtogowithus.他提出和我们一起去。
***形式宾语itWefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyinadvance.
Iconsideritmydutytopointouttheirshortcomings.
4)作宾语或主语的补足语:Mr.Smithwantshissontobecomealawyer.
Thesuspectedmanwasseentoenterthebuilding.
此类动词还有如ask,advise,allow,compel,encourage,hear,intend,lead,inspire,order,persuade等。
***hope,demand,suggest不可接不定式作宾补,但可跟that引出的宾语从句。
HehopedthatIwouldgivehimmorehelp.Thedoctorsuggeststhatmyfather(should)stopsmoking.
***在see,hear,lookat,listento,feel,observe,watch,notice等感官动词,以及let,make,have等动词后面的不定式要省掉to.但注意在其被动语态中,作为主补的不定式要加上to.
Wearemadetowriteacompositioneveryweekbytheteacher.
5)构成复合谓语结构:
①"besaid(reported,known…)+不定式"可换成:itissaid(reported,known…)that…
ShanxiProvinceisknowntohaverichcoalreserves.=ItisknownthatShanxi……
②seem(happen,appear,prove,tend)+不定式
Ihappenedtobeoutwhenshecalled.碰巧出去了
③belikely(certain,sure,willing,anxious,ready,bound,eager,reluctant)+不定式
Theyarelikelytosucceed.Sheisalwaysreadytohelpothers.
6)作定语(一般为后置修饰语)
Heusedtohavealotofmeetingstoattend.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.
①英语中有一些名词常跟不定式作定语:ability,agreement,ambition,attempt,claim,decision,hope,intention,failure,need,refusal,plan,promise,tendency,wish,willingness,threat,anxiety
Hisattempttosolvetheproblemfailedagain.Theirdecisiontogiveuptheexperimentsurprisedus.
②thefirst,second,last,only(thing),best(thing)等后面常跟不定式作定语。
Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.Whatisthebestthingtodo?
7)作状语(表示目的,原因,结果等)
Theywillgotothestationtomeettheguests.Weareoverjoyedtoseeyou.
常跟不定式作原因状语的形容词有:happy,glad,relieved,astonished,amazed,overjoyed,surprised,sad
不定式也可作结果状语,仅限于learn得知,find发现,see看见,hear听见,tobetold被告知,make使得等具有界限含义的动词,onlyto常表示令人不快的结果。
Hereturnedhometolearnhisdaughterhadjustbeenengaged.
IhurriedtoProfessorWang’shouseonlytofindhewasout.
①不定式与inorderto,soasto连用,作目的状语;与so(such)…asto连用,作目的状语和结果状语。
Inordertocatchthetrain,hehurriedthroughhiswork.Hewassoangryastobeunabletospeak.
②不定式与enough和too…to连用,作程度状语。
③alltoo,onlytoo…加不定式不表示否定的意思:I’monlytoopleasedtohelpyou.我非常愿意帮助你。
8)插入语:Tobefair,hehasworkedhardthesedays.Wedon’tlikeyouridea,totellyouthetruth.
2、注意问题:
1)不定式的逻辑主语
(1)for+名词或代词宾语+不定式:Ifounditimpossibleforhimtodothejobalone.
(2)不定式独立结构:Heproposedapicnic,hehimselftopaytherailwaytickets,andJohntoprovidethefood.
在表示人物性格、特点等的形容词后,用of引出不定式的逻辑主语:
Itwaswiseofhimtodothat.Ithinkitwrongofhimnottoacceptourinvitation.
常见的这类形容词有:
absurd荒唐的bold大胆的brave勇敢的clever聪明的courageous有勇气的rude无礼的
considerate考虑周到的foolish愚蠢的honest诚实的polite有礼貌的silly傻的
grateful感激的wicked邪恶的thoughtful体贴的careless粗心的right正确的
2)不定式的否定式:not+todoTheydecidednottogiveuptrying.
3)连接词+不定式:Hewilltellushowtousethelibrary.
4)省to的不定式
①口语以why开头的简单句:Whynotgooutforawalk?Whydoitthatway?
②hadbetter,wouldrather…(than),would…ratherthan,wouldsooner…(than),cannotbut…,can’thelpbut…,may(might)aswell习惯用法
Ratherthanbeginthestreet,hewouldprefertodieofhunger.他宁愿饿死也不上街。
Icould’thelpbutwaitforthenextbustocome.我不得不等下一趟车。
***③donothing/anything/everythingbut(except)
LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.Johnwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.
****其他的谓语形式要用to:
Therewasnothingforthemtodobuttoremainsilent.Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.
3、不定式的"体"式和语态
体式主动语态被动语态
一般式towritetobewritten
完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten
进行式tobewriting
完成进行式tohavebeenwriting
⑴体式①Iamsorrytohearthenews.(不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后,或同时发生)
②Theyseemtobehavingameeting.(不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生)
③Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrenderedtwodaysbefore.(不定式先于谓语动作)
⑵语态①出现动作的执行者,用主动式:Ihaveameetingtoattend.
否则用被动语态:Herearetheclothestobewashed.
②在"表语(或宾语补足语)+不定式"结构中,常用不定式的主动式代替被动式:
TheyfoundProfessorJones’lecturehardtounderstand.Sheisnicetotalkto.
③习惯用法:Noneofuswastoblameforthat.
Thedogwasnowheretobefound.
(二)分词(现在分词和过去分词)
比较:剥削阶级theexploitingclass被剥削阶级theexploitedclass
正在采花的女孩thegirlgatheringflowers今天早晨采集的花theflowersgatheredthismorning
落叶fallenleaves凋谢的花fadedflowers开水boiledwater新到的商品newlyarrivedgoods
1、一般用法
1)作表语,现在分词常表示特性,过去分词常表示状态。
Hisargumentisveryconvincing.他的论点很令人信服。Theywereveryexcitedatthenews.
2)作定语
Don’tdisturbthesleepingchild.Thearrestedmurdererwillbetriedsoon.那个被逮捕的杀人犯将受到审讯。
分词作定语的位置
Youmayaskthelady(whois)sittingatthedesk.
Those(whohavebeen)electedascommitteememberswillattendthemeeting.(当选为委员的人)
3)作宾语(或主语)的补足语
Helikestositonthebeachandwatchtheseagullsflying.(海鸥)Theworklefteveryoneexhausted.
4)作状语
Hearingtheknockonthedoor,theystoppedtalking.(=Whentheyheard…。)
Askedtoworkovertimethatevening,Imissedawonderfulfilm.(=AsIwasaskedto…。)
Theystoodtherewaitingforthebus.(andwerewaiting…。)
Thebanditsfledintothemountains,pursuedbythepolicemen.(andwerepursued…。)
5)分词的独立结构
Therainhavingstopped,thesoldierscontinuedtheirmarch.
Theboysreturned,theirfacecoveredwithsweat.
演变:Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,abag(being)inhishand.
Hestoppedandturnedabout,hiseyes(being)brightlyproud.Breakfastover,hewenttohisoffice.
Shelefttheroomwiththecandleburningonthetable.Hewanderedinwithoutshoesorsockson.
6)作插入语
Generallyspeaking,Ipreferricetonoodles.Judgingfromhisaccent,hemustbeasoutherner.
2、体式和语态
Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.
Nothavingmadeadequatepreparations,wepostponedthesportsmeet.
Havingstudiedhardduringtheterm,hepassedtheexam.
Heissaidtohavestudiedhardandpassedtheexam.Whoisthepatientbeingoperatedon?
(二)动名词
1、一般用法
1)作主语和表语Seeingisbelieving.Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.
(1)形式主语itItisnouse/goodquarrelingwithher.Isitworthwhiletryingagain?
(2)Thereisno+V-ingThereisnojokingaboutthismatter.
2)作宾语
Heenjoyslisteningtoclassicalmusic.Wemustavoidmakingsuchmistakesagain.