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2008年成考专升本英语重点语法七:非谓语动词

2008年4月6日来源:233网校
  七、非谓语动词(不定式、分词、动名词)
  (一)不定式
  1、一般用法
  1)作主语:Tosaysomethingisonething,todoitisanother.说是一码事,干是另一码事。
  ***形式主语itItisnotfairtoblamethemfortheaccident.
  2)作表语:Mysuggestionistocarryouttheplanimmediately.
  3)作宾语:Heofferedtogowithus.他提出和我们一起去。
  ***形式宾语itWefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyinadvance.
  Iconsideritmydutytopointouttheirshortcomings.
  4)作宾语或主语的补足语:Mr.Smithwantshissontobecomealawyer.
  Thesuspectedmanwasseentoenterthebuilding.
  此类动词还有如ask,advise,allow,compel,encourage,hear,intend,lead,inspire,order,persuade等。
  ***hope,demand,suggest不可接不定式作宾补,但可跟that引出的宾语从句。
  HehopedthatIwouldgivehimmorehelp.Thedoctorsuggeststhatmyfather(should)stopsmoking.
  ***在see,hear,lookat,listento,feel,observe,watch,notice等感官动词,以及let,make,have等动词后面的不定式要省掉to.但注意在其被动语态中,作为主补的不定式要加上to.
  Wearemadetowriteacompositioneveryweekbytheteacher.
  5)构成复合谓语结构:
  ①"besaid(reported,known…)+不定式"可换成:itissaid(reported,known…)that…
  ShanxiProvinceisknowntohaverichcoalreserves.=ItisknownthatShanxi……
  ②seem(happen,appear,prove,tend)+不定式
  Ihappenedtobeoutwhenshecalled.碰巧出去了
  ③belikely(certain,sure,willing,anxious,ready,bound,eager,reluctant)+不定式
  Theyarelikelytosucceed.Sheisalwaysreadytohelpothers.
  6)作定语(一般为后置修饰语)
  Heusedtohavealotofmeetingstoattend.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.
  ①英语中有一些名词常跟不定式作定语:ability,agreement,ambition,attempt,claim,decision,hope,intention,failure,need,refusal,plan,promise,tendency,wish,willingness,threat,anxiety
  Hisattempttosolvetheproblemfailedagain.Theirdecisiontogiveuptheexperimentsurprisedus.
  ②thefirst,second,last,only(thing),best(thing)等后面常跟不定式作定语。
  Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.Whatisthebestthingtodo?
  7)作状语(表示目的,原因,结果等)
  Theywillgotothestationtomeettheguests.Weareoverjoyedtoseeyou.
  常跟不定式作原因状语的形容词有:happy,glad,relieved,astonished,amazed,overjoyed,surprised,sad
  不定式也可作结果状语,仅限于learn得知,find发现,see看见,hear听见,tobetold被告知,make使得等具有界限含义的动词,onlyto常表示令人不快的结果。
  Hereturnedhometolearnhisdaughterhadjustbeenengaged.
  IhurriedtoProfessorWang’shouseonlytofindhewasout.
  ①不定式与inorderto,soasto连用,作目的状语;与so(such)…asto连用,作目的状语和结果状语。
  Inordertocatchthetrain,hehurriedthroughhiswork.Hewassoangryastobeunabletospeak.
  ②不定式与enough和too…to连用,作程度状语。
  ③alltoo,onlytoo…加不定式不表示否定的意思:I’monlytoopleasedtohelpyou.我非常愿意帮助你。
  8)插入语:Tobefair,hehasworkedhardthesedays.Wedon’tlikeyouridea,totellyouthetruth.
  2、注意问题:
  1)不定式的逻辑主语
  (1)for+名词或代词宾语+不定式:Ifounditimpossibleforhimtodothejobalone.
  (2)不定式独立结构:Heproposedapicnic,hehimselftopaytherailwaytickets,andJohntoprovidethefood.
  在表示人物性格、特点等的形容词后,用of引出不定式的逻辑主语:
  Itwaswiseofhimtodothat.Ithinkitwrongofhimnottoacceptourinvitation.
  常见的这类形容词有:
  absurd荒唐的bold大胆的brave勇敢的clever聪明的courageous有勇气的rude无礼的
  considerate考虑周到的foolish愚蠢的honest诚实的polite有礼貌的silly傻的
  grateful感激的wicked邪恶的thoughtful体贴的careless粗心的right正确的
  2)不定式的否定式:not+todoTheydecidednottogiveuptrying.
  3)连接词+不定式:Hewilltellushowtousethelibrary.
  4)省to的不定式
  ①口语以why开头的简单句:Whynotgooutforawalk?Whydoitthatway?
  ②hadbetter,wouldrather…(than),would…ratherthan,wouldsooner…(than),cannotbut…,can’thelpbut…,may(might)aswell习惯用法
  Ratherthanbeginthestreet,hewouldprefertodieofhunger.他宁愿饿死也不上街。
  Icould’thelpbutwaitforthenextbustocome.我不得不等下一趟车。
  ***③donothing/anything/everythingbut(except)
  LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.Johnwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.
  ****其他的谓语形式要用to:
  Therewasnothingforthemtodobuttoremainsilent.Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.
  3、不定式的"体"式和语态
  体式主动语态被动语态
  一般式towritetobewritten
  完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten
  进行式tobewriting
  完成进行式tohavebeenwriting
  ⑴体式①Iamsorrytohearthenews.(不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后,或同时发生)
  ②Theyseemtobehavingameeting.(不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生)
  ③Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrenderedtwodaysbefore.(不定式先于谓语动作)
  ⑵语态①出现动作的执行者,用主动式:Ihaveameetingtoattend.
  否则用被动语态:Herearetheclothestobewashed.
  ②在"表语(或宾语补足语)+不定式"结构中,常用不定式的主动式代替被动式:
  TheyfoundProfessorJones’lecturehardtounderstand.Sheisnicetotalkto.
  ③习惯用法:Noneofuswastoblameforthat.
  Thedogwasnowheretobefound.
  (二)分词(现在分词和过去分词)
  比较:剥削阶级theexploitingclass被剥削阶级theexploitedclass
  正在采花的女孩thegirlgatheringflowers今天早晨采集的花theflowersgatheredthismorning
  落叶fallenleaves凋谢的花fadedflowers开水boiledwater新到的商品newlyarrivedgoods
  1、一般用法
  1)作表语,现在分词常表示特性,过去分词常表示状态。
  Hisargumentisveryconvincing.他的论点很令人信服。Theywereveryexcitedatthenews.
  2)作定语
  Don’tdisturbthesleepingchild.Thearrestedmurdererwillbetriedsoon.那个被逮捕的杀人犯将受到审讯。
  分词作定语的位置
  Youmayaskthelady(whois)sittingatthedesk.
  Those(whohavebeen)electedascommitteememberswillattendthemeeting.(当选为委员的人)
  3)作宾语(或主语)的补足语
  Helikestositonthebeachandwatchtheseagullsflying.(海鸥)Theworklefteveryoneexhausted.
  4)作状语
  Hearingtheknockonthedoor,theystoppedtalking.(=Whentheyheard…。)
  Askedtoworkovertimethatevening,Imissedawonderfulfilm.(=AsIwasaskedto…。)
  Theystoodtherewaitingforthebus.(andwerewaiting…。)
  Thebanditsfledintothemountains,pursuedbythepolicemen.(andwerepursued…。)
  5)分词的独立结构
  Therainhavingstopped,thesoldierscontinuedtheirmarch.
  Theboysreturned,theirfacecoveredwithsweat.
  演变:Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,abag(being)inhishand.
  Hestoppedandturnedabout,hiseyes(being)brightlyproud.Breakfastover,hewenttohisoffice.
  Shelefttheroomwiththecandleburningonthetable.Hewanderedinwithoutshoesorsockson.
  6)作插入语
  Generallyspeaking,Ipreferricetonoodles.Judgingfromhisaccent,hemustbeasoutherner.
  2、体式和语态
  Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.
  Nothavingmadeadequatepreparations,wepostponedthesportsmeet.
  Havingstudiedhardduringtheterm,hepassedtheexam.
  Heissaidtohavestudiedhardandpassedtheexam.Whoisthepatientbeingoperatedon?
  (二)动名词
  1、一般用法
  1)作主语和表语Seeingisbelieving.Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.
  (1)形式主语itItisnouse/goodquarrelingwithher.Isitworthwhiletryingagain?
  (2)Thereisno+V-ingThereisnojokingaboutthismatter.
  2)作宾语
  Heenjoyslisteningtoclassicalmusic.Wemustavoidmakingsuchmistakesagain.

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