Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends -- and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.
In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable-- it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary -- feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.
And quilt , by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti , a psychology professor at the University of Toronto ,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some Kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa : High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones share more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
“That’s good news,” Malti says, “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”
21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help _______.
A. regulate a child’s basic emotions
B. improve a child’s intellectual ability
C. foster a child’s moral development
D. intensify a child’s positive feelings
22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be _______.
A. deceptive
B. burdensome
C. addictive
D. inexcusable
23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that _______.
A. emotions are context-independent
B. emotions are socially constructive
C. emotional stability can benefit health
D. an emotion can play opposing roles
24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______.
A. may help correct emotional deficiencies
B. can result from either sympathy or guilt
C. can bring about emotional satisfaction
D. may be the outcome of impulsive acts
25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to _______.
A. teachings
B. discussions
C. restrictions
D. Wrongdoings
答案：CBDBD
译文：
与悲伤、恐惧和愤怒等所谓的基本情绪不同，随着孩子对社会和道德规范的日益掌握，内疚感会在稍后出现。孩子不是天生就知道怎么说“对不起”；相反，随着时间的推移，他们了解到这样的陈述可以安抚父母和朋友——以及他们自己的良心。这就是为什么研究人员通常认为适量的所谓的道德内疚是一件好事。
当然，在大众的想象中，内疚仍然会受到负面评价。这是非常不舒服的——这就像穿着一件镶有石头的夹克一样情绪化。然而这种理解已经过时了。弗吉尼亚大学心理学研究员 Amrisha Vaish 说：“有一种复兴或重新思考内疚是什么以及内疚可以发挥什么作用，”他补充说，这种复兴是一种更大的认识的一部分，即情绪是' t 二元——感觉在一种情况下可能是有利的，在另一种情况下可能是有害的。例如，嫉妒和愤怒可能已经演变为提醒我们注意重要的不平等。太多的快乐可能是破坏性的。
而被子，通过促使我们更深入地思考我们的善良，可以鼓励人类弥补错误并修复关系。换句话说，内疚可以帮助将一个合作的物种团结在一起。它是一种社会粘合剂。
从这个角度来看，内疚是一个机会。多伦多大学心理学教授蒂娜·马尔蒂 (Tina Malti) 的研究表明，内疚可以弥补情绪上的不足。在许多研究中，马尔蒂和其他人表明，内疚和同情可能代表了合作和分享的不同途径。一些缺乏同情心的孩子可能会通过体验更多的内疚来弥补这种不足，这可以控制他们更讨厌的冲动。反之亦然：高度同情可以代替低内疚。
例如，在 2014 年的一项研究中，马尔蒂观察了 244 名儿童。她使用照顾者的评估和孩子的自我观察，对每个孩子的整体同情水平以及他或她在违反道德规范后产生负面情绪的倾向进行评分。然后孩子们收到巧克力币，并有机会与一个匿名的孩子分享。对于同情心低的孩子，他们分享多少似乎取决于他们感到内疚的倾向。内疚倾向的孩子分享更多，即使他们并没有神奇地变得更加同情另一个孩子的剥夺。
“这是个好消息，”马尔蒂说，“我们可以亲社会，因为我们造成了伤害，我们感到遗憾。”
21. 研究人员认为内疚可能是一件好事，因为它可能有助于_______。
A.调节孩子的基本情绪
B. 提高孩子的智力
C. 促进孩子的道德发展
D. 强化孩子的积极情绪
22. 根据第 2 段，许多人仍然认为内疚是 _______。
A. 欺骗性的
B. 负担沉重的
C. 上瘾的
D.不可原谅的
23. Vaish 认为对内疚的重新思考来自于___的意识。
A. 情绪是独立于上下文的
B. 情绪具有社会建设性
C.情绪稳定有益健康
D.一种情绪可以扮演相反的角色
24. Malti 和其他人已经表明合作和分享 _______。
A. 可能有助于纠正情绪缺陷
B. 可能来自同情或内疚
C.能带来情感上的满足
D. 可能是冲动行为的结果
25. “transgressions”一词（第 4 行，第 5 段）在含义上最接近 _______。
A. 教导
B. 讨论
C. 限制
D. 错误行为
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