2023年考研英语一真题及答案

第1题、完形填空。

Caravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including China, North Africa and the Middle East. They were typically __1__ outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments of __2__.

This word “Caravanserais” is a __3__ of the Persian word “karvan”, which means a group of travellers or a caravan, and seray, a palace or enclosed building. The Perm caravan was used to __4__ groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons, __5__ merchants, travellers or pilgrims.

From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes become more developed, the __6__ of the Caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night. Travellers on the Silk Road __7__ possibility of being attacked by thieves or being __8__ to extreme conditions. For this reason, Caravanserais were strategically placed __9__ they could be reached in a day’s travel time. 

Caravanserais served as an informal __10__ point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road. __11__, those structures became important centers for culture __12__ and interaction, with travelers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs, __13__ talking knowledge with them, greatly __14__ the development of several civilizations.

Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and __15__ in the trade of goods along the Silk Road. __16__, it was frequently the first stop merchants looking to sell their wares and __17__ supplies for their own journeys. It is __18__ that around 120,000 to 15,000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, __19__ only about 3,000 are known to remain today, many of which are in __20__.

1.A.displayed

B.occupied

C.located

D.equipped

2.A.privately

B.regularly

C.respectively

D.permanently

3.A.definition

B.transition

C.substitution

D.combination

4.A.classify

B.record

C.describe

D.connect

5.A.apart from

B.instead of

C.such as

D.along with

6.A.construction

B.restoration

C.impression

D.evaluation

7.A.doubted

B.faced

C.accepted

D.reduced

8.A.assigned

B.subjected

C.accustomed

D.opposed

9.A.so that

B.even if

C.now that

D.in case

10.A.talking

B.starting

C.breaking

D.meeting

11.A.By the way

B.On occasion

C.In comparison

D.As a result

12.A.heritage

B.revival

C.exchange

D.status

13.A.with regard to

B.in spite of

C.as well as

D.in line with

14.A.completing

B.influencing

C.resuming

D.pioneering

15.A.aided

B.invested

C.failed

D.competed

16.A.Rather

B.Indeed

C.Otherwise

D.However

17.A.go in for

B.stand up for

C.close in on

D.stock up on

18.A.believed

B.predicted

C.recalled

D.implied

19.A.until

B.because

C.unless

D.although

20.A.ruins

B.debt

C.fashion

D.series

第二题、阅读理解PartA。

The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the  temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this  month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.

Pat Hardy, a conservative member of the board who sympathises with the views  of the energy sector, is resisting proposed changes to science standards for  pre-teen pupils. These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent  climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.

“In the national standards, everything has to do with climate change — that’s  very lopsided,” she claims. “There are as many scientists working against all  the panic of global climate change as there are those who are pushing it. Texas  is an energy state and we need to recognise that. You need to remember where  your bread is buttered.”

Most scientists and independent experts sharply dispute her views. “What  millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by  the political ideology of partisan board members, rather than facts and sound  scholarship,” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas  Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education. “They  casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another  misguided opinion.”

A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit  group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the  country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states  a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most  populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a  disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.

Glenn Branch, the centre’s deputy director, cautions that setting state-level  science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises  decisions to local school boards. Even if a state is considered a high performer  in its science standards, “that does not mean it will be taught”, he says.

Another issue is that, while climate change is well integrated into some  subjects and at some ages — such as earth and space sciences in high schools —  it is not as well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects  that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less  prominent in many social studies courses.

Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and  textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational  materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to  teachers. They include materials sponsored by libertarian think-tanks and energy  industry associations.

In other countries, the pattern of climate change practices in schools is  just as patchy. A study this year by Unesco, the UN agency, of educational  policies and curricula in 46 member nations showed that, while 92 per cent made  at least one reference to environmental themes, the depth of inclusion was very  low on average. More than half of members made no mention of climate change in  policy and curricula documents, and just 19 per cent discussed biodiversity.  “More needs to be done to prepare learners with the know­ledge, skills, values  and attitudes to act for our planet,” the report concluded.

Aaron Benavot, professor of education policy and leadership at the University  at Albany, State University of New York, and one of the report’s co-authors,  warns that measurement remains difficult. “More and more countries are embedding  into their national curricula a topic like environmental studies or ecology,” he  says. “But, because climate education is not a separate subject, it’s difficult  to know how much time and priority it is given.”

21.In paragraph1, the weather in Texas is mentioned to__________

A.forecast a policy shift in Texas schools.

B.stress the consequences of climate change

C.indicate the atmosphere at the board meeting

D.draw the public’s attention to energy shortages.

22.What does Quinn think of Hardy?

A.she exaggerates the existing panic.

B.she denies the value of scientific work

C.she shows no concern for pre-teens.

D.she expresses self-contradictory views.

23.The study mentioned in Paragraph 5_________

A.climate education is insufficient at state public schools.

B.policy makers have little drive for science education.

C.Texas is reluctant to rewrite its science textbooks.

D.environmental teaching in some states lacks supervision.

24.According to Branch, state-level science standards in the US_________

A.call for regular revision

B.require urgent application

C.have limited influence

D.cater to local needs

25.It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some  schools______

A.agree to major public demands

B.reflects teachers’ personal bias

C.may misrepresent the energy sector

D.can be swayed by external forces

Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate  short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s. Now with  record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there’s an increased  urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers  will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the  short-term rental market.

In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent,  housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on  an already strained market. The State Legislature recently voted against a bill  that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting  short-term rentals.

“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing,” said Nick Taylor,  executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast.  Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns,“ employers  are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time  finding a place to live,” Taylor said.

However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, pointed out  Ryan Castle, CEO of a local association of realter. “A lot of workers are  servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those  people coming in short term,” Castle said,“ and so it’s a cyclical effect.”

Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn,  an expert on affordable housing policy. “I think individuals being able to rent  out their second home is a good thing. If it’s their vacation home anyway, and  it’s just empty, why can’t you make money off it?” Horn said. Issues arise,  however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental  facilities—de facto hotels—to bypass taxes and regulations. “I think the  question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel, but disguising  it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?” Horn  said.

At the end of 2018, governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to  rein in those potential investor-buyers. The bill requires every rental host to  register with the state mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential  for local taxes on top of a new state levy. Boston took things even further,  requiring renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services  Department.

Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities  and towns, but “if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one  is we have to build a lot more.”

26.Which of the following is true of New England?

A.Its housing supply is at a very low level.

B.Its communities are in need of funding.

C.Its rental vacancy rate is going up slowly

D.Its home prices are under strict control.

27.The bill mentioned in Paragraph 2 was intended to________

A.curb short-term rental speculation.

B.ensure the supply of cheap housing.

C.punish illegal dealings in housing.

D.allow a free short-term rental market.

28.Compared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to support________

A.further investment in local tourism.

B.an increase in affordable housing.

C.strict management of real estate agents.

D.a favorable policy for short-term workers.

29.What does Horn emphasize in Paragraph 5?

A.The urgency to upgrade short-term rental facilities.

B.The efficient operation of the local housing market.

C.The necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.

D.The proper procedures for renting out spare houses.

30.Horn holds that imposing registration requirements is________

A.an irrational decision.

B.an unfeasible proposal.

C.an unnecessary measure.

D.an inadequate solution.

If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones, the biggest book  retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The  Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit, the same may be true  of The President’s Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James  Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House(PRH), a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.

The problem began late last year, when PRH confirmed that it had introduced a  credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine  The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to  remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and  windows, and were“ quietly retiring them to their relevant sections”.

PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told  me: “Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the  only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We  are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that  availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of  stock. We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return  and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are  exceptionally busy. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month  since 2018.”

In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers. Big-name PRH authors may  suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones  staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying  for an end to the dispute.

It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of  the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon &  Schuster—the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to  lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what  is published.

“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power,” says  literary agent Andrew Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in  terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering  intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most  interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”

We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among  publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.

31.The author mentions two books in Paragraph 1 to present_______

A.an ongoing conflict.

B.an intellectual concept.

C.a prevailing sentiment.

D.a literary phenomenon.

32.Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?

A.To make them easily noticeable.

B.To comply with PRH’s requirement.

C.To respond to PRH’s business move.

D.To arrange them in a systematic way.

33.What message does the spokesperson for Waterstones seem to convey?

A.Their customers remain loyal.

B.The credit limit will be removed.

C.Their stock is underestimated.

D.The book market is rather slack.

34.What can be one consequence of the current dispute?

A.Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably.

B.Lesser-known PRH writers become the target of criticism.

C.Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name authors’ books.

D.Waterstones branches suffer a severe reduction in revenue.

35.Which of the following statements best represents Lownie’s view?

A.Small publishers ought to stick together.

B.Big publishers will lose their dominance.

C.The publishing industry is having a hard time.

D.The merger of publishers is a worrying trend.

Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year  researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The  scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways,  including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title's  impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The  careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the  number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the  citations attracted by these papers.

Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to  inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers  developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including  groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of  journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their  publications. Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has  emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other  editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise  contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.

The advent of electronic publishing and authors' need to find outlets for  their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory  journals wasn't far behind. These journals can act as milk cows where every  single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In  some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the  article and the citations.The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor  is supposedly working for is not profiting at all — it is just providing  citations to other journals. Such practices can lead an article to accrue more  than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.

How insidious is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an  individual — acting as author, editor, and consultant — was able to use at least  15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at  three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which  includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing  in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation  manipulation.

Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red  flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year.  And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an  editor a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate  references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.

36.According to Paragraph 1, the careers of scientists can be determined  by__________.

A.how many citations their works contain

B.how many times their papers are cited

C.the prestige of the people they work with

D.the status they have in scientific circles

37.The support service consultancies tend to ____________.

A.recommend journals to their clients.

B.list citation patterns their clients.

C.ask authors to include extra citations

D.advise contributors to cite each other

38.The Function of the “milk cow” journals is to __________.

A.boost citation counts for certain authors

B.help scholars publish articles at low cost

C.instruct First-time contributors in citation

D.increase the readership of new journals.

39.What can be learned about Scopus From the last two paragraphs ?

A.It Fosters competition among citation providers

B.It has the capability to identify suspicious citations

C.It hinders the growth of "international" journals

D.It established to prevent citation manipulation

40.What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?

A.Take legal action

B.Demand an apology.

C.Seek professional advice

D.Reveal their misconduct

第3题、阅读理解PartB.

Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For  questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent  text by choosing from the list A-H and filling them into the numbered boxes.  Paragraphs A, E and H have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the  ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Last year marked the 150th anniversary of a series of Yellowstone photographs  by the renowned landscape photographer William Henry Jackson. Jackson snapped  the 1st-ever shots of iconic landmarks such as the Tetons, Old Faithful and the  Colorado Rockies. On a late 19th-century expedition through the Yellowstone  Basin that was conducted by the head of the U.S. Geological and Geographical  Survey of the Territories, Ferdinand V. Hayden. The team included a  meteorologist, a zoologist, a mineralogist, and an agricultural  statistician.

Two centuries ago, the idea of preserving nature, rather than exploiting it,  was a novel one to many U.S. settlers. One of the turning points in public  support for land conservation efforts — and recognizing the magnificence of the  Yellowstone region in particular — came in the form of vivid photographs.

[C] As an effective Washington operator, Hayden sensed that he could  capitalize on the expedition’s stunning visuals. He asked Jackson to print out  large copies and distributed them, along with reproductions of Moran’s  paintings, to each member of Congress. “The visualization, particularly those  photographs, really hit home that this is something that has to be protected,”  says Murphy.

[D] Throughout the trip, Jackson juggled multiple cameras and plate sizes  using the “collodion process” that required him to coat the plates with a  chemical mixture, then expose them and develop the resulting images with a  portable darkroom. The crude technique required educated guesses on exposure  times, and involved heavy, awkward equipment — several men had to assist in its  transportation. Despite these challenges, Jackson captured dozens of striking  photos, ranging from majestic images like his now-famous snapshot of Old  Faithful, to casual portraits of expedition members at the camp. While veterans  of previous expeditions wrote at length about stunning trail sights, these vivid  photographs were another thing entirely.

[E] The journey officially began in Ogden, Utah on June 8, 1871. Over nearly  four months, dozens of men made their way on horseback into Montana and  traversed along the Yellowstone River and around Yellowstone Lake. That fall,  they concluded the survey in Fort Bridger, Wyoming.

[F] Though Native Americans (and later miners and fur trappers) had long  recognized the area’s riches, most Americans did not. That’s why Hayden’s  expedition aimed to produce a fuller understanding of the Yellowstone River  region, from its hot springs and waterfalls to its variety of flora and fauna.  In addition to the entourage of scientists, the team also included artists:  Painter Thomas Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson were charged with  capturing this astounding natural beauty and sharing it with the world.

[G] The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large  majorities in favor. In quick succession, the Senate and House passed  legislation protecting Yellowstone in early 1872. That March, President Ulysses  S. Grant signed an act into law that established Yellowstone as the world’s  first national park. Some locals opposed the designation, the decision was  largely accepted — and Jackson’s photos played a key role in the fight to  protect the area. “I don’t believe that the legal protection would have happened  in the time frame that it did without those images,” says Hansen, journalist and  author of Prophets and Moguls, Rangers and Rogues, Bisonord Bears: 100 years of  the national Park Service.

Perhaps most importantly, the images provided documentary evidence that later  made its way to government officials. Weeks after completing the expedition,  Hayden collected his team’s observation into an extensive rep aimed at  convincing Senators and Representatives, along with colleagues at government  agency like the department of Interior that Yellowstone ought to be  preserved.

以下是选项

第4题、翻译题.

However,the modernization process poses mounting threats tointangible  heritages. It is also pathetic to see elderly people in possessionof such  legacies pass away without transmitting them to the youngergeneration.  Confronted with those challenges, we should both preserve andrejuvenatc our  ancestral heritagcs so that we can help contributc to culturaldiversity of the  world.

Part C

(46) Al can also be used to identify the lifestyles choices of  customersregarding their hobbies, favorite celebrities, and fashions to provide  uniquecontent in marketing messages put out through social media.

(47) Some believe that Al is ncgatively impacting on the marketer's role  byreducing creativity and removing jobs, but they are aware that it is a way  ofreducing costs and creating new information.

(48) Algorithms used to stimulate human interactions are creating many of  these concerns, especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes ofusing AI  to interact with customers will  be

(49) If customers are not willing to share data, Al will be starved of  essential information and will not be able to function effectively or emplo  ymachine learning to improve its marketing content and communication.

(50) The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing message in a way that  issensitive to the needs of target customers is one of the critical challenges  tothe digital marketer.

第五题、写作PartA。

46.小作文考查告示，主题是为教授关于校园体育活动的研究项目招募助手，给出助手工作责任和要求。

47.一群人在赛龙舟，旁边有观众。一对老年夫妻感慨：“真好啊，越来越多人赛龙舟了，好热闹！”