Passage 1
It is generally agreed that the first true cities appeared about 5,000 years ago in the food-producing communities of the Middle East. The cities of Sumeria, Egypt and the Indus Valley possessed a number of characteristics that distinguished them as truly urban. The cities were very much larger and more densely populated than any previous settlement, and their function wasclearly differentiated from that of the surrounding villages. In the cities the old patterns of kinship relations were replaced by a complex hierarchy of social classes based on the specialization of
labor. Moreover, the need to keep records led to the development of writing and arithmetic, and the increased sophistication of urban society gave a new impetus to artistic expression of every kind.
When the basis of city life was established in Europe the urban tradition was drawn from the ancient cities of the Middle East, via the civilization of Greece and Rome. We can trace three main phases in the growth of the West European city. The first of these is the medieval phase which extends from the beginning of the 1 lth century A.D. to about 1,500 to the beginning of the 19th century. The third is the modern phase extending from the early 19th century to the present day.
Every medieval city began as a small settlement, which grew up round a geographical or cultural focal point. This would be a permanent structure such as a stronghold, a cathedral or a large church. In districts where travel and trade were well established, it might be a market, a river crossing, or a place where two or more trade routes met, in studies of urban geography the oldest part of town is referred to as the nuclear settlement. There are many small towns in Europe where it is still possible to trace the outline of the original nuclear settlement. It is, of course,
much more difficult to do this in the case if a large modern city which has grown to many times its original size.
21. The ancient cities were characterized by all the following except__________.
A. larger populations
B. different roles
C. different social classes
D. different locations
22. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. West European cities established their own urban traditions.
B. West European cities grew directly out of those in the Middle East.
C. Cities appeared earlier in the Middle East cities went through the same phases.
D. West European and Middle East cities went through the same phases.
23. Which of the following could be regarded as a geographical focal point?
A. A local restaurant.
B. A town hall.
C. A local theatre.
D. An open market.
24. It is easier to locate its original nuclear settlement of a small town__________.
A. because it began as a small settlement
B. because it is less developed
C. because of its small size
D. because of its location
25. Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?
A. The Origin and Development of Cities.
B. The Differences Between a Modern City and an Ancient City.
C. The Functions of a City.
D. The Characteristics of an Ancient City.
请阅读Passaqe 2，完成第26～30小题。
Passage 2
There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual--the sort of environment in which he is brought up. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.
Theimportanceofenvironmentindetermininganindividual'sintelligencecanbe
demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was raised by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Mark's LQ. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.
26. This selection can best be titled__________.
A. Measuring Your Intelligence
B. Intelligence and Environment
C. The Case of Peter and Mark
D. How the Brain Influences Intelligence
27. The best statement of the main idea of this passage is that__________.
A. human brains differ considerably
B. the brain a person is born with is important in determining his intelligence
C. environment is crucial in determining a person's intelligence
D. persons having identical brains will have roughly the same intelligence
28. According to the passage, the average I.Q. is__________.
A. 85
B. 100
C. 110
D. 125
29. The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that__________.
A. individuals with identical brains seldom test at the same level
B. an individual's intelligence is determined only by his environment
C. lack of opportunity blocks the growth of intelligence
D. changes of environment produce changes in the structure of the brain
30. This passage suggests that an individual's I.Q. __________.
A. can be predicted at birth
B. stays the same throughout his life
C. can be increased by education
D. is determined by his childhood
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