历年英语四级阅读真题全解析(2004-2006)
- 第1页:2004.6-Passage Two
- 第2页:2004.6-Passage Three
- 第3页:2004.6-PassageFour
- 第4页:2005.1-Passage One
- 第5页:2005.1-Passage Two
- 第6页:2005.1-Passage Three
- 第7页:2005.1-Passage Four
- 第8页:2005.6-Passage 1
Passage 3
Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge (大杂烩) of environmental claims made by household products, according to a “green labeling” study published by Consumers International Friday.
Among the report’s more outrageous (令人无法容忍的) findings-a German fertilizer described itself as “earthworm friendly” a brand of flour said it was “non-polluting” and a British toilet paper claimed to be “environmentally friendlier”
The study was written and researched by Britain’s National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission.
“ While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy,” said Consumers International director Anna Fielder.
The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in Britain, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom made the most environmental claims on average.
The report focused on claims made by specific products, such as detergent (洗涤剂) insect sprays and by some garden products. It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September, 1999.
Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.
“Many products had specially-designed labels to make them seem environmentally friendly, but in fact many of these symbols mean nothing,” said report researcher Philip Page.
“Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners were second with 145 separate claims, while paints were third on our list with 73. The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading.” he said.
The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because terms such as “environmentally friendly” and “non-polluting” cannot be verified. “What we are now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO.” said Page.
31. According to the passage, the NCC found it outrageous that ________.
A) all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standards
B) the claims made by products are often unclear or deceiving
C) consumers would believe many of the manufactures’ claim
D) few products actually prove to be environment friendly(B)
32. As indicated in this passage, with so many good claims, the consumers ________.
A) are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buy
B) are still not willing to pay more for products with green labeling
C) are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environment
D) still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment(D)
33. A study was carried out by Britain’s NCC to ________.
A) find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmental standards
B) inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buy
C) examine claims made by products against ISO standards
D) revise the guidelines set by the International Standards Organization(C)
34. What is one of the consequences caused by the many claims of household products?
A) They are likely to lead to serious environmental problems.
B) Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the false.
C) They could arouse widespread anger among consumer.
D) Consumers will be tempted to buy products they don’t need.(B)
35. It can be inferred from the passage that the lobby group Consumer International wants to ________.
A) make product labeling satisfy ISO requirements
B) see all household products meet environmental standards
C) warn consumers of the danger of so-called green products
D) verify the efforts of non-polluting products(A)
这篇材料讲的是欧美国家日常用品上环保说明遭到滥用的现象。文章段十分精炼地交代了全篇所述的主要内容:消费者正受到环保说明的困扰和误导(Consumers are being confused and misled by……environmental claims);同时透露出这一内容的发布来源。余下的几段对首段的说法进行详细了阐述。这种金字塔结构属于英美报刊文章的典型特点。
第二段举出了几个实例说明环保说明遭到滥用的情形,使人对文章所述核心内容有一个感性的认识。一个例子是某德国肥料号称具有“蚯蚓友好性”(a German fertilizer described itself as “earthworm friendly”),还有某品牌面粉也自称“不会引起污染”(non-polluting),而一种英国卫生纸也自诩“环境友好性”(environmentally friendlier)。
第三段指出进行这一研究的单位:Britain’s National Consumer Council,这是为了体现研究的权威性。而后又说明了该研究机构的资助机构:German and Dutch governments and the European Commission,即德国、荷兰政府和欧盟执行委员会,这是为了说明该项研究的中立性,强调其可信度。
第四段引用研究人员的话,对其研究对象做出了总体评价:在告知顾客如何判断商品对环境的影响上,还有很长的路要走(there is a long way to go in……)。之后的几段描述了研究的细节。
第五段说明该研究的覆盖范围(10-country)以及初步结论:德英两国的产品滥用环保说明的现象平均多。第六段说明实际研究的主要商品类别(洗涤剂、杀虫剂和园艺用品),并指出研究的方式是不做测试,而只是将其与ISO的商标说明进行比照(did not test the claims, but compared them to……)。下一段给出了比照结果:环保说明太过模糊、误导性过强,达不到ISO标准要求(too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards)。
随后的两段分析了这些环保说明的实质,第八、九段引用研究员的话指出许多环保说明空无一物(these symbols mean nothing),而环保说明的繁杂也使消费者无法判断其真伪(very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading)。
后一段借Page之口道出了该项研究的目的:促使跨国公司达到ISO要求(have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO)。
31. B
题目问NCC发现下列哪一项是无法容忍的。
A,进行调查的所有产品都声称符合ISO标准。
B,产品说明往往含糊其辞或欺骗消费者。
C,消费者会把许多厂商的说明信以为真。
D,很少有产品被实际证明其确实具有环境友好性。
题目中出现了关键信息NCC(机构名),同时outrageous也是一个较为特别的词,可以在开头几小段中寻找这两个词。
Outrageous在第二段就出现了:Among the report’s more outrageous findings。这个句子后面例举了outrageous的三种情形,德国肥料自称具有蚯蚓友好性,一个面粉品牌自称无污染,一种英国卫生纸自称具有更好的环境友好性。
第三段句话出现了NCC,但仅仅是指明了上述的调查是由NCC实施的。由此便知道了第二段所述的几点无法容忍的现象正是题目所要求的NCC认为无法容忍的现象。
问题集中在文中例句的三个例子到底在哪里令人无法容忍。可以先对各选项进行筛选。前三段中没有提到有关ISO标准的任何信息,所以,根据四级出题规律,基本可以排除A。D提到了环境友好性,但文章前三段没有指明这些声明到底有没有得到验证,所以也可以排除。第六段里有一句话:It did not test the claims,可以作为D不正确的佐证。
B和C都有一定道理。其实仅从三个例子还不能判断出它们在哪里令人不可容忍。不过段给了我们重要的提示。段开头所说Consumers are being confused and misled by具有总领句的性质,这句话恰好概括出了三个例子的本质问题:一是令消费者困惑(confused),一是误导消费者(misled)。这两点和B所说的unclear和deceiving恰好一一对应。C的说法勉强可以算是misled的照应,但仅照应这一点不如B更加准确。
32. D
题目问面对如此之多自我肯定的说明,消费者如何如何。
A,消费者对即将要购买的产品更加谨慎了。
B,消费者依然不愿意多花钱购买有绿色标志的产品。
C,消费者更加清楚不同产品对环境的不同影响。
D,消费者依然不清楚不同产品对环境的确切影响。
这道题考查的是对第四段引号内的长句的理解。
这段话从总体结构上可以分为两个部分,由while引导的从句为一部分:While many good and useful claims are being made,这里出现的good claims恰好照应题目中的good claims,可以证明本题确实考查的是这一句话。第二部分是主句:it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy;分析主句的结构,it is clear……为层结构,意思是“显而易见的是”;there is a long way to go in ensuring为第二层结构,意思是“在保证……上还有很长一段路要走”;其余部分为第三层结构,是“保证”的内容,大意为“顾客对所购买的商品的环境影响有了充足的认识”。主句各层结构串联下来的核心意思就是:顾客对所购买的商品的环境影响并没有充足的认识。对比四个选项,D的说法与此一致。
33. C
题目问NCC所开展的研究的目的是什么。
A,调查有多少产品说明没有符合环境标准。
B,告知消费者其所购商品的环境影响。
C,检查产品说明是否符合ISO标准。
D,修订由ISO设定的准则。
因为上一题已经考查了第四段,所以本题的答案可以在第五段和以后的段落去寻找。
第五段有两句话,分别讲的是研究的范围(10个国家)和研究发现(德国和英国的环境说明多),这两点都不是研究目的。
继续看第六段。这一段也有两句话,句指出研究报告的焦点集中在哪些类别的产品说明上(specific products),第二句讲到报告没有验证这些说明的真实性(did not test the claims)——这就否定了A——而是把这些说明和ISO发布的指南进行对比。这应该就是该项研究的目的所在。
把各产品的环境说明和ISO指南进行对比,也就是看说明是否符合ISO标准,可以确定C是正确的。如果对C还没有十足的信心,可以继续看第七段:many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards,相对于ISO标准来说,许多产品说明太过模糊,或有误导之嫌。这句话的意思就是许多说明不符合ISO标准,由此可以断定该研究的目的即是C所述的内容。
B的说法属于产品环境说明本身的作用,D中出现了guidelines,是考查对第六段后一句话的理解,但与guidelines进行对比的目的显然不是为了修改,而是查看是否相符。对此,第七段有着清楚的描述:many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards,相对于ISO标准来说,许多产品说明太过模糊,或有误导之嫌。
34. B
题目问家用产品的许多说明引发的后果之一是什么。
A,这些说明可能会导致严重的环境问题。
B,消费者很难从中分辨真假。
C,这些说明会在消费者中激起公愤。
D,消费者会被诱使购买本不需要的产品。
题目里的关键词是household products,倒数第二段出现了household这个词,需要重点理解本段。这一段先是举了三个例子,指出环保说明多的三种产品。这三种产品分别是洗涤剂、清洁剂和漆,都属于题目所说的household products。此后的一句是对这三个例子的评价:The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading,大意是环保说明如此之多,以至消费者很难去伪存真。这句话的意思和B的表述一致,可以选择B。
35. A
本题问从文章可以推论出游说组织“消费者国际”想要……
A,使产品标签满足ISO的要求。
B,看到所有的家庭用品满足环保要求。
C,警告消费者所谓绿色产品所存在的危险。
D,检验无污染产品的效果。
Consumer International一词出现在文章前半部分,所以,本题做为后一题有可能会考查全文内容。不过,观察四个选项,基本都与后一段内容相关,所以可以断定本题涉及范围仅限后一段。其实本题与33题重复,都是问目的。33题问的是研究目的(答案是检查产品说明是否符合ISO标准),本题问的是发起此研究的组织的目的,那自然与33题的答案一脉相承,检查的目的自然是为了使其终符合要求。A的说法是正确的。
后一段中,terms such as “environmentally friendly” and “non-polluting” cannot be verified这一句说明环境友好性、无污染等等环保说明是无法得到验证的。既然如此,游说组织发起此项研究的目的肯定不是为了所有的家庭用品满足环保要求,也不是检验无污染产品的效果,可以排除B和D。至于C,文章论述的是环保说明本身要符合要求的问题,只涉及标签文字,而与产品本身无关,所以C所说的绿色产品的危险属于无中生有。
Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge (大杂烩) of environmental claims made by household products, according to a “green labeling” study published by Consumers International Friday.
Among the report’s more outrageous (令人无法容忍的) findings-a German fertilizer described itself as “earthworm friendly” a brand of flour said it was “non-polluting” and a British toilet paper claimed to be “environmentally friendlier”
The study was written and researched by Britain’s National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission.
“ While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy,” said Consumers International director Anna Fielder.
The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in Britain, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom made the most environmental claims on average.
The report focused on claims made by specific products, such as detergent (洗涤剂) insect sprays and by some garden products. It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September, 1999.
Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.
“Many products had specially-designed labels to make them seem environmentally friendly, but in fact many of these symbols mean nothing,” said report researcher Philip Page.
“Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners were second with 145 separate claims, while paints were third on our list with 73. The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading.” he said.
The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because terms such as “environmentally friendly” and “non-polluting” cannot be verified. “What we are now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO.” said Page.
31. According to the passage, the NCC found it outrageous that ________.
A) all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standards
B) the claims made by products are often unclear or deceiving
C) consumers would believe many of the manufactures’ claim
D) few products actually prove to be environment friendly(B)
32. As indicated in this passage, with so many good claims, the consumers ________.
A) are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buy
B) are still not willing to pay more for products with green labeling
C) are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environment
D) still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment(D)
33. A study was carried out by Britain’s NCC to ________.
A) find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmental standards
B) inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buy
C) examine claims made by products against ISO standards
D) revise the guidelines set by the International Standards Organization(C)
34. What is one of the consequences caused by the many claims of household products?
A) They are likely to lead to serious environmental problems.
B) Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the false.
C) They could arouse widespread anger among consumer.
D) Consumers will be tempted to buy products they don’t need.(B)
35. It can be inferred from the passage that the lobby group Consumer International wants to ________.
A) make product labeling satisfy ISO requirements
B) see all household products meet environmental standards
C) warn consumers of the danger of so-called green products
D) verify the efforts of non-polluting products(A)
这篇材料讲的是欧美国家日常用品上环保说明遭到滥用的现象。文章段十分精炼地交代了全篇所述的主要内容:消费者正受到环保说明的困扰和误导(Consumers are being confused and misled by……environmental claims);同时透露出这一内容的发布来源。余下的几段对首段的说法进行详细了阐述。这种金字塔结构属于英美报刊文章的典型特点。
第二段举出了几个实例说明环保说明遭到滥用的情形,使人对文章所述核心内容有一个感性的认识。一个例子是某德国肥料号称具有“蚯蚓友好性”(a German fertilizer described itself as “earthworm friendly”),还有某品牌面粉也自称“不会引起污染”(non-polluting),而一种英国卫生纸也自诩“环境友好性”(environmentally friendlier)。
第三段指出进行这一研究的单位:Britain’s National Consumer Council,这是为了体现研究的权威性。而后又说明了该研究机构的资助机构:German and Dutch governments and the European Commission,即德国、荷兰政府和欧盟执行委员会,这是为了说明该项研究的中立性,强调其可信度。
第四段引用研究人员的话,对其研究对象做出了总体评价:在告知顾客如何判断商品对环境的影响上,还有很长的路要走(there is a long way to go in……)。之后的几段描述了研究的细节。
第五段说明该研究的覆盖范围(10-country)以及初步结论:德英两国的产品滥用环保说明的现象平均多。第六段说明实际研究的主要商品类别(洗涤剂、杀虫剂和园艺用品),并指出研究的方式是不做测试,而只是将其与ISO的商标说明进行比照(did not test the claims, but compared them to……)。下一段给出了比照结果:环保说明太过模糊、误导性过强,达不到ISO标准要求(too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards)。
随后的两段分析了这些环保说明的实质,第八、九段引用研究员的话指出许多环保说明空无一物(these symbols mean nothing),而环保说明的繁杂也使消费者无法判断其真伪(very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading)。
后一段借Page之口道出了该项研究的目的:促使跨国公司达到ISO要求(have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO)。
31. B
题目问NCC发现下列哪一项是无法容忍的。
A,进行调查的所有产品都声称符合ISO标准。
B,产品说明往往含糊其辞或欺骗消费者。
C,消费者会把许多厂商的说明信以为真。
D,很少有产品被实际证明其确实具有环境友好性。
题目中出现了关键信息NCC(机构名),同时outrageous也是一个较为特别的词,可以在开头几小段中寻找这两个词。
Outrageous在第二段就出现了:Among the report’s more outrageous findings。这个句子后面例举了outrageous的三种情形,德国肥料自称具有蚯蚓友好性,一个面粉品牌自称无污染,一种英国卫生纸自称具有更好的环境友好性。
第三段句话出现了NCC,但仅仅是指明了上述的调查是由NCC实施的。由此便知道了第二段所述的几点无法容忍的现象正是题目所要求的NCC认为无法容忍的现象。
问题集中在文中例句的三个例子到底在哪里令人无法容忍。可以先对各选项进行筛选。前三段中没有提到有关ISO标准的任何信息,所以,根据四级出题规律,基本可以排除A。D提到了环境友好性,但文章前三段没有指明这些声明到底有没有得到验证,所以也可以排除。第六段里有一句话:It did not test the claims,可以作为D不正确的佐证。
B和C都有一定道理。其实仅从三个例子还不能判断出它们在哪里令人不可容忍。不过段给了我们重要的提示。段开头所说Consumers are being confused and misled by具有总领句的性质,这句话恰好概括出了三个例子的本质问题:一是令消费者困惑(confused),一是误导消费者(misled)。这两点和B所说的unclear和deceiving恰好一一对应。C的说法勉强可以算是misled的照应,但仅照应这一点不如B更加准确。
32. D
题目问面对如此之多自我肯定的说明,消费者如何如何。
A,消费者对即将要购买的产品更加谨慎了。
B,消费者依然不愿意多花钱购买有绿色标志的产品。
C,消费者更加清楚不同产品对环境的不同影响。
D,消费者依然不清楚不同产品对环境的确切影响。
这道题考查的是对第四段引号内的长句的理解。
这段话从总体结构上可以分为两个部分,由while引导的从句为一部分:While many good and useful claims are being made,这里出现的good claims恰好照应题目中的good claims,可以证明本题确实考查的是这一句话。第二部分是主句:it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy;分析主句的结构,it is clear……为层结构,意思是“显而易见的是”;there is a long way to go in ensuring为第二层结构,意思是“在保证……上还有很长一段路要走”;其余部分为第三层结构,是“保证”的内容,大意为“顾客对所购买的商品的环境影响有了充足的认识”。主句各层结构串联下来的核心意思就是:顾客对所购买的商品的环境影响并没有充足的认识。对比四个选项,D的说法与此一致。
33. C
题目问NCC所开展的研究的目的是什么。
A,调查有多少产品说明没有符合环境标准。
B,告知消费者其所购商品的环境影响。
C,检查产品说明是否符合ISO标准。
D,修订由ISO设定的准则。
因为上一题已经考查了第四段,所以本题的答案可以在第五段和以后的段落去寻找。
第五段有两句话,分别讲的是研究的范围(10个国家)和研究发现(德国和英国的环境说明多),这两点都不是研究目的。
继续看第六段。这一段也有两句话,句指出研究报告的焦点集中在哪些类别的产品说明上(specific products),第二句讲到报告没有验证这些说明的真实性(did not test the claims)——这就否定了A——而是把这些说明和ISO发布的指南进行对比。这应该就是该项研究的目的所在。
把各产品的环境说明和ISO指南进行对比,也就是看说明是否符合ISO标准,可以确定C是正确的。如果对C还没有十足的信心,可以继续看第七段:many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards,相对于ISO标准来说,许多产品说明太过模糊,或有误导之嫌。这句话的意思就是许多说明不符合ISO标准,由此可以断定该研究的目的即是C所述的内容。
B的说法属于产品环境说明本身的作用,D中出现了guidelines,是考查对第六段后一句话的理解,但与guidelines进行对比的目的显然不是为了修改,而是查看是否相符。对此,第七段有着清楚的描述:many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards,相对于ISO标准来说,许多产品说明太过模糊,或有误导之嫌。
34. B
题目问家用产品的许多说明引发的后果之一是什么。
A,这些说明可能会导致严重的环境问题。
B,消费者很难从中分辨真假。
C,这些说明会在消费者中激起公愤。
D,消费者会被诱使购买本不需要的产品。
题目里的关键词是household products,倒数第二段出现了household这个词,需要重点理解本段。这一段先是举了三个例子,指出环保说明多的三种产品。这三种产品分别是洗涤剂、清洁剂和漆,都属于题目所说的household products。此后的一句是对这三个例子的评价:The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading,大意是环保说明如此之多,以至消费者很难去伪存真。这句话的意思和B的表述一致,可以选择B。
35. A
本题问从文章可以推论出游说组织“消费者国际”想要……
A,使产品标签满足ISO的要求。
B,看到所有的家庭用品满足环保要求。
C,警告消费者所谓绿色产品所存在的危险。
D,检验无污染产品的效果。
Consumer International一词出现在文章前半部分,所以,本题做为后一题有可能会考查全文内容。不过,观察四个选项,基本都与后一段内容相关,所以可以断定本题涉及范围仅限后一段。其实本题与33题重复,都是问目的。33题问的是研究目的(答案是检查产品说明是否符合ISO标准),本题问的是发起此研究的组织的目的,那自然与33题的答案一脉相承,检查的目的自然是为了使其终符合要求。A的说法是正确的。
后一段中,terms such as “environmentally friendly” and “non-polluting” cannot be verified这一句说明环境友好性、无污染等等环保说明是无法得到验证的。既然如此,游说组织发起此项研究的目的肯定不是为了所有的家庭用品满足环保要求,也不是检验无污染产品的效果,可以排除B和D。至于C,文章论述的是环保说明本身要符合要求的问题,只涉及标签文字,而与产品本身无关,所以C所说的绿色产品的危险属于无中生有。
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