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Passage two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage

Female applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences were nearly half as likely to receive excellent letters of recor ompared with their male counterparts. christopher intagliata report.

As in many other fields, gender bias is widespread in the sciences. men score higher starting salaries, have more mentoring (指导), and have better odds of being hired. studies nigher starting also perceived as more competent than women in stem(science, technology, enging,and Mathematics) fields. and new research reveals that men are more likely to receive excellent letters of 

recommendation, too.

"Say, you know, this is the best student I've ever had, "says kuheli dutt, a social scientist and diversity officer at columbia university's lamont campus. 

"compare those excellent letters with a merely good letter: 'the candidate was productive, or intelligent, or a solid scientist or something that's clearly.solid praise, 'but nothing that singles out the candidate as exceptional ot one of a kind."

Dutt and her colleagues studied more than 1,200 letters of recommendation for postdoctor at positions in geoscience.they were all edited for gender and other idetifying information,so dutt and her team could assign them a scoer without knowing the gender of the student. they found that and women, th udes letters of recommendation from all over the world, and written by, yes,he findings are in the ioumal nature geoscience.

Dutt says they were not able to evaluate the actual scientific qualificati

f the apsing the data in the files. but she says the results still suggest women in geoscience are at apotential disadvantage from the very beginning of their careers starting with those less than out-standing letters of recommendation.

3we re not trying to assign blame or criticize anyone or call anyone conscious

Its of this study to open up meaningful dialogues on implicit gender bias.

be it at a departmental level or an institutional level or even a discipline level "which may lead to some recommendations for the letter writers themselves

51. what do we learn about applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences?

a) there are many more men applying than women

b)chancers for women ti get the positin are scare.

c) more males than females are likely to get outstanding letters of recommendation.

d) male applicants have more interest in these positions than their female counterparts.

52. what do studies about men and women in scientific research show?

a women engaged in postdoctoral work are quickly catching up

b) fewer women are applying for postdoctoral positions due to gender bias

c) men are believed to be better able to excel in stem disciplines.

d)women who are keenly interested in stem fields are often exceptional

53.What do the studies find about the recommendation letters for women applicants?

a)they are hardly ever supported by concrete examples.

b)they contain nothing that distinguishes the applicants

c) they provide objective information without exaggerat

d)they are often filled with praise for exceptional applicants

54.What did dutt and her colleagues do with the more than 1, 200 letters of recommendation?

a)they asked unbiased scholars to evaluate them dit them

b)they  invited women professionais to edit them.

c)them assigned them randomly to reviewers

d) they deleted all information about gende

55. what does dutt aim to do with her study?

a) raise recommendation writers' awareness of gender bias in their letters

b)open up fresh avenues for women post-doctors to join in research work

c) alert women researchers to all types of gender bias in the stem disciplines

d) start a public discussion on how to raise womens status in academic circles

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