2015年6月英语四级考试押题卷(二)
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Section C
Directions：There are 2 passages in this section．Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A．，B．，C．andD．．You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre．
57、Questions 57-66 are based on the following passage．
In a research paper，two security experts at the web giant have outlined a future in which the main way of guaranteeing we are who we say we are online will be possession of a physical token（令牌），per-haps embedded in smart phones or even jewellery．They have added to growing claims that passwords are both inherently insecure and increasingly impractical．
To make them more difficult for criminals to guess，web services have forced people to use longer passwords with different types of characters，but that also makes them more difficult to remember．To add to the headache，experts also advise against using the same password for different services，to reduce the impact if one is hacked．
“Along with many in the industry，we feel passwords and simple bearer tokens such as cookies are no longer sufficient to keep users safe，”said Google vice-President of security Eric Grosse and engineer Mayank Upadhyay，in an article to be published in an engineering journal．Cookies are small text files is-sued by websites to web browser software to keep visitors logged in once they have entered their pass-word．“We’d like your smart phone or smartcard-embedded finger ring to authorize a new computer via a tap on the computer，even in situations in which your phone might be without cellular connectivity，’’the Googlers wrote．
Grosse and Upadhyay said they are currently experimenting with YubiKey，a tiny USB stick that implements highly secure “one time pad” cryptography（密码学）to log in to Google services，as a replacement for passwords．In the future，they want similar authentication technology to work wirelessly and across all of a person’s online accounts．“We’11 have to have some form of screen unlock．maybe pass—words but maybe something else，”Grosse said，Wired reports．“But the primary authenticator wilt be a token like this or some equivalent piece of hardware．’’
Security experts have pointed to the problems with passwords for years，and suggested alternatives，but none have been widely adopted because they would require web services to adopt standards．Grosseand Upadhyay’s paper is attracting attention because coming from the world’s biggest web company，it may stand a better chance of success．“others have tried similar approaches but achieved little success in the consumer world．’’Grosse and Upadhyay wrote．“Although we recognize that our initiative will like-wise remain speculative until we’ve proven large scale acceptance，we’re eager to test it with other web-sites．”
Given the rivalries online and the low cost and ubiquity of passwords，progress remains a tall order，however．Bill Gates predicted the death of passwords at a security conference in 2004．
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
According to the passage，what can we know about cookies?
A．They can be embedded in smart phones．
B．They can help remember users’ passwords．
C．They are no longer safe for computers．
D．They are created by website visitors．
58、 Grosse and Upadhyay mentioned the following statements EXCEPT that __________.
A．people could use finger rings to replace passwords
B．passwords and cookies are no longer safe
C．they are still doing experiments with a Yubikey
D．mey need to get large scale acceptance
59、 What does“this’’refer to in the last sentence of Paragraph Four?
A．Screen unlock．
B．A password．
C．A cookie．
D．A tiny USB stick．
60、 The reason why alternatives of passwords haven’t been widely adopted is that __________.
A．they cannot work wirelessly
B．they need support from big web companies
C．web services need to follow certain standards[
D．they are too expensive for consumers
61、 What’s the main idea of this passage?
A．Google aims to replace passwords with physical tokens．
B．The problems of passwords are drawing more attention．
C．Passwords are predicted to disappear．
D．Finding alternatives of passwords remains a tall order．
62、Questions62-71are based on the following passage．
The international space station is getting a new，inflatable room that resembles a giant spare tire，NASA announced Wednesday．Slated to launch in mid-2015，the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module，or BEAM，will fly to space deflated before being puffed into a 13-by-10-foot cylinder．Rather than providing new living space for astronauts，the module will test whether inflatable habitats have a future as or-biting laboratories，lunar outposts or living quarters for de印-space missions．And it’s arriving at a bar-gain price for space hardware．NASA is paying Bigelow Aerospace of Nevada$17.8 million for the module．
“This is a great way for NASA to utilize private-sector investment，and for pennies on the dollar to expand our understanding of this technology，”said Lori Garver，the agency’s deputy administrator．Station astronauts will periodically enter the BEAM to check whether its thick yet flexible walls，which in。elude layers of Kevlar（芳纶纤维），adequately block the twin hazards of space travel：radiation and micrometeoroids（微流星体）traveling faster than bullets．“The plan is to have the hatch closed most of the time，with the crew going in and out a few times a year to collect data，”Garver said．The module will stay attached to the station for two years．“We have ambitions to go to the moon someday，have a base there，”said Robert Bigelow，the real estate and hotel magnate who founded Bigelow Aerospace．Inflata-bles offer two advantages over traditional aluminum-can-like modules. They weigh less per cubic foot of living space，making them cheaper to launch，and they can balloon to diameters far too wide to fit on cur-rent rockets．
Bigelow licensed the concept from NASA in 1999 after the agency abandoned plans to use inflatable living quarters for a mission to Mars．NASA is Bigelow’s first customer．On Wednesday，Bigelow said he and his wife have invested $250 million into developing inflatable space habitats．They hope to at-tract wealthy tourists，pharmaceutical companies and governments that want affordable space programs to an orbital outpost that Bigelow says will be ready to fly in 2016．
Called Alpha，the private space station will offer living space for 12，twice the occupancy of the international space station．Renting one-sixth of Alpha for two months will cost $25 million，Bigelow said，transportation not included．It’s unclear if a market exists for a private space station，said Scott Pace，director of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University．Still，Bigelow has already tasted success．In 2006 and 2007，the company launched two small inflatable satellites atop Russian ballistic missiles．Both operated as planned．
Wednesday’s announcement marks a deepening of NASA’s partnerships with commercial companies．The agency is also funding three companies developing craft to transport astronauts to and from orbit-vehicles also needed to bring customers to Bigelow’s outposts．One of those companies，Space Exploration Technologies，or SpaceX，will fly the BEAM module to the space station in the ‘‘trunk” of one of its un-crewed Dragon capsules．“It sounds like a good deal for both NASA and Bigelow，”said Pace，“Nothing can replace flight．test experience．”
The project may also stymie criticism that the l6-nation international space station，which took 13 years to construct，has been underutilized by NASA，said former station commander--Michael Lopez-Alegria．president of the Commercial Spaceflight Federation．“It’s a real step in the fight direction．”
According to the passage，BEAM is used as __________.
A．a new living space for astronauts
B．all orbiting laboratory
C．an outpost on the moon
D．a test for inflatable habitats
63、 An of the following statements ale the advantages of inflatables EXCEPT that __________.
A．they are much fighter than traditional modules
B．they are less expensive to launch
C．they Call expand to larger room
D．they Call fit current rockets，
64、 What is Scott Pace’s attitude towards Alpha?
A．Optimistic．
B．Pessimistic．
C．Objective．
D．Indifferent．
65、 What does “Stymie” in the last paragraph mean?
A．To prevent．
B．To increase．
C．To arouse．
D．To deepen．
66、 What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．NASA is cooperating with private companies．
B．The international space station is getting a new inflatable module．
C．NASA is launching a private space station．
D．Bigelow is investing on inflatable space habitats．
Directions：There are 2 passages in this section．Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A．，B．，C．andD．．You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre．
57、Questions 57-66 are based on the following passage．
In a research paper，two security experts at the web giant have outlined a future in which the main way of guaranteeing we are who we say we are online will be possession of a physical token（令牌），per-haps embedded in smart phones or even jewellery．They have added to growing claims that passwords are both inherently insecure and increasingly impractical．
To make them more difficult for criminals to guess，web services have forced people to use longer passwords with different types of characters，but that also makes them more difficult to remember．To add to the headache，experts also advise against using the same password for different services，to reduce the impact if one is hacked．
“Along with many in the industry，we feel passwords and simple bearer tokens such as cookies are no longer sufficient to keep users safe，”said Google vice-President of security Eric Grosse and engineer Mayank Upadhyay，in an article to be published in an engineering journal．Cookies are small text files is-sued by websites to web browser software to keep visitors logged in once they have entered their pass-word．“We’d like your smart phone or smartcard-embedded finger ring to authorize a new computer via a tap on the computer，even in situations in which your phone might be without cellular connectivity，’’the Googlers wrote．
Grosse and Upadhyay said they are currently experimenting with YubiKey，a tiny USB stick that implements highly secure “one time pad” cryptography（密码学）to log in to Google services，as a replacement for passwords．In the future，they want similar authentication technology to work wirelessly and across all of a person’s online accounts．“We’11 have to have some form of screen unlock．maybe pass—words but maybe something else，”Grosse said，Wired reports．“But the primary authenticator wilt be a token like this or some equivalent piece of hardware．’’
Security experts have pointed to the problems with passwords for years，and suggested alternatives，but none have been widely adopted because they would require web services to adopt standards．Grosseand Upadhyay’s paper is attracting attention because coming from the world’s biggest web company，it may stand a better chance of success．“others have tried similar approaches but achieved little success in the consumer world．’’Grosse and Upadhyay wrote．“Although we recognize that our initiative will like-wise remain speculative until we’ve proven large scale acceptance，we’re eager to test it with other web-sites．”
Given the rivalries online and the low cost and ubiquity of passwords，progress remains a tall order，however．Bill Gates predicted the death of passwords at a security conference in 2004．
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
According to the passage，what can we know about cookies?
A．They can be embedded in smart phones．
B．They can help remember users’ passwords．
C．They are no longer safe for computers．
D．They are created by website visitors．
58、 Grosse and Upadhyay mentioned the following statements EXCEPT that __________.
A．people could use finger rings to replace passwords
B．passwords and cookies are no longer safe
C．they are still doing experiments with a Yubikey
D．mey need to get large scale acceptance
59、 What does“this’’refer to in the last sentence of Paragraph Four?
A．Screen unlock．
B．A password．
C．A cookie．
D．A tiny USB stick．
60、 The reason why alternatives of passwords haven’t been widely adopted is that __________.
A．they cannot work wirelessly
B．they need support from big web companies
C．web services need to follow certain standards[
D．they are too expensive for consumers
61、 What’s the main idea of this passage?
A．Google aims to replace passwords with physical tokens．
B．The problems of passwords are drawing more attention．
C．Passwords are predicted to disappear．
D．Finding alternatives of passwords remains a tall order．
62、Questions62-71are based on the following passage．
The international space station is getting a new，inflatable room that resembles a giant spare tire，NASA announced Wednesday．Slated to launch in mid-2015，the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module，or BEAM，will fly to space deflated before being puffed into a 13-by-10-foot cylinder．Rather than providing new living space for astronauts，the module will test whether inflatable habitats have a future as or-biting laboratories，lunar outposts or living quarters for de印-space missions．And it’s arriving at a bar-gain price for space hardware．NASA is paying Bigelow Aerospace of Nevada$17.8 million for the module．
“This is a great way for NASA to utilize private-sector investment，and for pennies on the dollar to expand our understanding of this technology，”said Lori Garver，the agency’s deputy administrator．Station astronauts will periodically enter the BEAM to check whether its thick yet flexible walls，which in。elude layers of Kevlar（芳纶纤维），adequately block the twin hazards of space travel：radiation and micrometeoroids（微流星体）traveling faster than bullets．“The plan is to have the hatch closed most of the time，with the crew going in and out a few times a year to collect data，”Garver said．The module will stay attached to the station for two years．“We have ambitions to go to the moon someday，have a base there，”said Robert Bigelow，the real estate and hotel magnate who founded Bigelow Aerospace．Inflata-bles offer two advantages over traditional aluminum-can-like modules. They weigh less per cubic foot of living space，making them cheaper to launch，and they can balloon to diameters far too wide to fit on cur-rent rockets．
Bigelow licensed the concept from NASA in 1999 after the agency abandoned plans to use inflatable living quarters for a mission to Mars．NASA is Bigelow’s first customer．On Wednesday，Bigelow said he and his wife have invested $250 million into developing inflatable space habitats．They hope to at-tract wealthy tourists，pharmaceutical companies and governments that want affordable space programs to an orbital outpost that Bigelow says will be ready to fly in 2016．
Called Alpha，the private space station will offer living space for 12，twice the occupancy of the international space station．Renting one-sixth of Alpha for two months will cost $25 million，Bigelow said，transportation not included．It’s unclear if a market exists for a private space station，said Scott Pace，director of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University．Still，Bigelow has already tasted success．In 2006 and 2007，the company launched two small inflatable satellites atop Russian ballistic missiles．Both operated as planned．
Wednesday’s announcement marks a deepening of NASA’s partnerships with commercial companies．The agency is also funding three companies developing craft to transport astronauts to and from orbit-vehicles also needed to bring customers to Bigelow’s outposts．One of those companies，Space Exploration Technologies，or SpaceX，will fly the BEAM module to the space station in the ‘‘trunk” of one of its un-crewed Dragon capsules．“It sounds like a good deal for both NASA and Bigelow，”said Pace，“Nothing can replace flight．test experience．”
The project may also stymie criticism that the l6-nation international space station，which took 13 years to construct，has been underutilized by NASA，said former station commander--Michael Lopez-Alegria．president of the Commercial Spaceflight Federation．“It’s a real step in the fight direction．”
According to the passage，BEAM is used as __________.
A．a new living space for astronauts
B．all orbiting laboratory
C．an outpost on the moon
D．a test for inflatable habitats
63、 An of the following statements ale the advantages of inflatables EXCEPT that __________.
A．they are much fighter than traditional modules
B．they are less expensive to launch
C．they Call expand to larger room
D．they Call fit current rockets，
64、 What is Scott Pace’s attitude towards Alpha?
A．Optimistic．
B．Pessimistic．
C．Objective．
D．Indifferent．
65、 What does “Stymie” in the last paragraph mean?
A．To prevent．
B．To increase．
C．To arouse．
D．To deepen．
66、 What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．NASA is cooperating with private companies．
B．The international space station is getting a new inflatable module．
C．NASA is launching a private space station．
D．Bigelow is investing on inflatable space habitats．
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