单项选择题
1、 Questions are based on the following passage.
        The number of postgraduate students travelling from non-EU countries to study at UK universities has fallen for the first time in 16 years, fuelling fears that the government's immigration crackdown is discouraging thousands of the brightest students from continuing their studies in Brid.
        Jo Beall, British Council director of education and society, said the fall would cause alarm among UK vice-chancellors (大学行政主管). "The sector was expecting a decline in growth, but the actual reduction in postgraduate numbers is of real concern as international-students make up the m~ority of numbers in many postgraduate courses and research teams in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. ""Attracting the brightest and most ambitious postgraduate and research students is critical if the UK is to maintain its quality reputation for research," Beall said.
        Universities get a third of their tuition (学费) fee revenue from non-EU students. There is growing fear among vice-chancellors that this revenue-as well as the cultural, academic and economic benefit international students bring--is being put at risk.
        Tim Westlake, director for the student experience at Manchester University, said students whose families relied on them working in the UK after their studies to gain experience and repay the fees were starting to look elsewhere.
        Last month the home secretary, Theresa May, announced that embassy staff would interview more than 100,000 applicants in an attempt to prevent bogus (假冒的) ones entering the country. She also said immigrants were responsible for pushing up UK house prices. The comments followed the introduction of new limitations on students' right to work during and after their studies.
        Beall said:" Government statistics for the first time provide real evidence that the changes to UK visa regulations may have discouraged many students from applying to the UK, and in particular postgraduate students Who are so important to the UKs research output. The UK enjoys an eXcellent reputation around the world for the high quality of our education system, so the government needs to ensure that institutions have all the support they need to attract international students who make a tremendous academic, cultural and economic contribution to the UK. "
What has caused the decline of the number of non-EU postgraduates in the UK?
A．The increase in tuition and fees.
B．The ever-rising living expenses.
C．Changed immigration policies.
D．Universities' tightened budgets


2、根据以下资料，回答题：
Directions：In this section，you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it．Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs．Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived．You may choose a paragraph more than once．Each paragraph is marked with a letter．Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2．
Here’s the Totally Amazing Wonder Material That Could Revolutionize Technology
A．In the technology industry,every new product or service seems to come with the promise that it is an innovation with the potential to change the world．Graphene(石墨烯)，a form of carbon，might actually do just that．
B．“Graphene is a wonderful material，”Jeanie Lau，a professor of physics at the University of California at Riverside，told Fortune．“It conducts heat 10 times better than copper and electricity 100 times better than silicon，is transparent like plastic，extremely lightweight,extremely strong,yet flexible and elastic．In the past decade，it has taken the scientific and technology communities by storm，and has become the most promising electronic material to supplement or replace silicon．”
C．Graphene has already found its way into a number of compelling applications，Lau said．For instance，“since it is both transparent and electrically conductive—two attributes rarely found in the same material in nature—it has tremendous potential as the transparent electrode in monitors．displays；solar cells，and touch screens，”she explained．“Companies such as Samsung that invest heavily in this area have already secured patents，produced prototypes，and are expected to bring products to market in a few years．”Wearable electronic devices，aviation components，broadband photodetectors(光电检测器)，radiation-resistant coatings，sensors，and energy storage are among numerous other areas of active research．Lau said．
D．For many researchers and investors，the ultimate application is graphene-based transistors，the building blocks of modem electronics．But getting there may take some time．
A child of graphite
E．First produced in a lab back in 2004，graphene is essentially a single layer of pure carbon atoms bonded together in a honeycomb lattice so thin it’s actually considered two-dimensional．“We generally regard anything less than 10 layers of graphene as graphene；otherwise，it’s graphite，”said Aravind Vijayaraghavan，a lecturer in nanomaterials at the University of Manchester．
F．Even“graphene”is a bit of an umbrella term．“To oversimplify,there are two major types of graphene，”Michael Patterson，CEO of Graphene Frontiers，said．The first：“Nanoplatelets，”which are powders or flakes made from graphite．These have been around for a while and are“not really super-sexy,”Patterson said．“You mix them into polymers(聚合物)or inks or rubbers to make them conductive．”In flake form，graphene is already on its way to becoming a commodity,Patterson added．The other type—in sheet or film form—is where graphene’s biggest promise lies．Graphene sheets have“incredible potential for electronics，”Patterson said．In the near term，that potential may manifest in situations where the quantity requirements are“not that great”and where quality or conductivity doesn’t have to be as high，such as in basic touch-screen applications，he said．Products that use graphene in this way could arrive to market in the next six to 1 2 months．
G．Looking a little further out，graphene can be employed in membranes used for water desalination．Lockheed-Martin already has a patented product known as Perforene．“It’s real and it works，but it won’t be economically viable until the product reaches an industrial scale where the cost is measured in pennies per square inch”rather than dollars or tens of dollars per square inch，Patterson explained．
“That’s where we’re working today．”
‘It’s expensive and low-capacity’
H．But use of graphene in semiconductors—the technology’s Holy Grail—is likely a decade away．“Many of the challenges presented by graphene are common to most new materials，”Paul Smith,a patent associate with the Intellectual Property Law Group at Fenwick & West，told Fortune．“The trick is figuring out how to synthesize graphene in a way that first is manufacturable beyond lab scale；second，preserves the desirable properties of the material；and third，can be integrated into a product or technology．”
D．Synthesizing graphene in sheet form is considerably more expensive and time-consuming than producing graphene flakes．Whereas the latter typically involves a“quick and dirty”process by which bulk graphite is disassembled into millions of tiny pieces，Lau explained，large sheets of graphene are carefully“grown”on substrates(基板)such as copper，germanium，or silicon carbide．
J．Graphene sheets are also prone to defects and“very difficult to make in good quality,”Ron Mertens，owner and editor of Graphene-Info．tom，said．Production capacity is also very limited．“There are thousands of small companies that can make graphene，but it’s expensive and low-capacity,”Mertens said．alround wafer measuring one inch in diameter,for instance，costs about$1 00，he added．
K．An even thornier obstacle on the way to graphene transistors is the fact that the material has no“band gap，”an essential property that allows transistors to be turned on and off without leaking electronic charge in the“off”state，said Elias Towe，a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Carnegie Mellon University．
L．“Band-gap engineering has been and remains the biggest challenge in the development of graphene transistors and computer chips．”Lau said．It requires controlling the material almost down at the atomic level，and“that’s really pushing the edges of existing technology,”Patterson said．“In 10 years，we’11 start to see these problems solved．”
‘It is largely a matter of time’
M．If graphene is to succeed as a replacement for silicon，every unit of cost and performance will make a difference，Towe said．
N．“Silicon is hard to displace，with all the billions dollars of investments made in manufacturing infrastructure，”he said．“A replacement for silicon has to offer extraordinary performance at extremely rock-bottom cost to compel industry to change its way．”
O．Though graphene is just 10 years old—in contrast,use of silicon in transistors dates to the early 1950s—considerable progress has already been made．For example，the largest graphene sheet was produced by hand in a laboratory eight years ago；its width was less than that of a human hair．“Nowadays，roll-to-roll printing of graphene sheets up to 1 00 meters long has been achieved，”Lau said．“With the increasing interest，investment，and research in graphene-based technology,I think it is largely a matter of time before the economy of scale kicks in and truly low-cost，large-scale production ofhigh-quality graphene is accomplished，”she added．
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

Nanoplatelet is the powder-or flake-type of graphene that has been used for some time to make conductors and that is being launched on the market．


3、根据以下资料，回答题：
        The poll of 2,000 adults in England was(36)__________out as part of the government’s drive to curb people’s drinking habits．
        The campaign also stresses that a heavy drinking session is often(37)__________by an unhealthy breakfast，which again helps to pile on the pounds．
        The Know Your Limits campaign has in the past focused on other(38)__________0f drinking，such as di sease risk．
        But to(39)__________with the focus on weight，the DepaIhiient of Health carried out research showing a regular beer drinker,who downed(喝)five pints a week or 250 over the(40)__________of a year,packed away the same number of calories as someone eating 22 1 doughnuts over the space of 1 2 months．
It also revealed the average wine drinker consumed 2,000 calories each month．over the course of a year,that is the(41)__________ofeating all extra 38 roast beefdinners．
Health minister Phil Hope said，“Regularly drinking more than our(42)__________
        daily limits can have a knock-on effect on our health，including an expanding waistline．
        “It’s not only the calories in the drinks themselves that can help to pile on the pounds，we’re also more(43)__________to eat fatty foods when we’ve had one too many．”
Heather Caswell，of the British Nutrition Foundation，added，“Most people would baulk(犹豫)at consuming a full glass of single cream，but wouldn’t minl(44)__________about a couple ofpints．”
“But the calorie content is similar and，over time，excess alcohol intake is likely to lead to weight gain．”
        And a spokesman for the Drinkaware Trust added：“It’s(45)__________we are in the know when it comes to what we are drinking．”
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
A．consequences
B．carried
C．communicate．
D．followed
E．equivalent
F．held
G．twice
H．likely
I．coincide
J．necessity
K．course
L．related
M．imperative
N．over
0.recommended
请回答第36题__________
A．consequences
B．carried
C．communicate．
D．followed
E．equivalent
F．held
G．twice
H．likely
I．coincide
J．necessity
K．course
L．related
M．imperative
N．over
0.recommended
请回答第36题__________


4、 回答题
    They say that sticks and stones may break your bones，but words will never hurt you．Yet childhood bullying really can damage your long-term health．
    Gone are the days when bullying was considered an inevitable and ultimately harmless part of growing up—iust last month we learned that childhood bullying can lead to poorer mental health even into middle age．
    Now William Copeland at Duke University in Durham，North Carolina，and his colleagues have shown that it can have lingering physiological effects too．They tracked 1420 9-year-olds right through their teens．Each child was seen up to nine times during the study and quizzed about bullying．The team then measured levels of C-reactive protein in their blood．CRP is a marker of inflammation(炎症)linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease (心血管疾病)and problems like diabetes．
    “Because we were collecting biological samples throughout，we were able to look at CRP levels in subjects prior to their bullying involvement．”says Copeland．“This really gives us an idea of the changes bullying brings about．”
    Although CRP levels naturally rise in everyone during adolescence，levels were highest in children who reported being tormented by bullies．Even at the ages of 1 9 and 2 1，children who had once been bullied had CRP levels about 1．4 times higher than peers who were neither perpetrators nor victims．In a cruel twist，the bullies had the lowest levels of all．suggesting they didn’t suffer the same health risks． They may even see a benefit from their behavior,though Copeland stresses it doesn’t vindicate(辩护)their actions．“The goal would instead be to find other ways to produce this protective effect without it being at someone else’s expense，”he says．
    Andrea Danese at King’s College London has previously shown that maltreatment during childhood can lead to higll levels of inflammation in adult life．“This new study is a helpful addition in showing that these effects extend to another important childhood stressor,”he says．He suggests that care workers could monitor levels of CRP in children having psychotherapy to see if it is helping to soothe the stress of being bullied．

What do you know about CRP?
A．It is a symbol of the inflammation．
B．It is a symbol of cardiovascular．
C．It relates directly to diabetes．
D．It is a symbol of physiological effects caused by bullying．


5、听音频：
回答问题：

A．Have dinner with friends．
B．Go out with severA．friends．
C．Stay home watching football game．
D．Stay home and do some housework。


6、根据材料，回答题：
Why Teenagers Really Do Need an Extra Hour in Bed?
A) "Making teens start school in the morning is 'cruel' ," brain doctor claims. So declared a British newspaper headline in 2007 after a talk I gave at an academic conference.  One disbelieving reader responded:  " This man sounds brain-dead. "
B) That was a typical reaction to work I was reporting at the time on teenage sleep patterns and their effect on performance at school. Six years on there is growing acceptance that the structure of the academic day needs to take account of adolescent sleep patterns. The latest school to adopt a later start time is the UCL Academy in London; others are considering following suit.
C) So what are the facts about teenage sleep, and how should society adjust to these needs? The biology of human sleep timing, like that of other mammals, changes as we age. This has been shown in many studies. As adolescence begins, bedtimes and waking times get later. This trend continues until 19.5 years in women and 21 in men. Then it reverses. At 55 we wake at about the time we woke prior to adolescence. On average this is two hours earlier than adolescents. This means that for a teenager, a 7 a.m. alarm call is the equivalent of a 5 a.m. start for a person in their 50s.
D) Precisely why this is so is unclear but the shifts related with changes in hormones (荷尔蒙) at adolescence and the decline in those hormones as we age. However, biology is only part of the  problem. Additional factors include a more relaxed attitude to bedtimes by parents, a general disregard  for the importance of sleep, and access to TVs, DVDs, PCs, gaming devices, cell phones and so on,  all of which promote alertness and eat into time available for sleep.
E) The amoount of sleep teenagers get varies between countries, geographic region and social class, but all  studies show they are going to bed later and not getting as much sleep as they need because of early  school starts.
F) Mary Carskadon at Brown University in Providence. Rhode Island, who is a pioneer in the area of  adolescent sleep, has shown that teenagers need about 9 hours a night to maintain full alertness and academic perforruance. My own recent observations at a UK school in Liverpool suggested many were getting just 5 hours on a school night. Unsurprisingly. teachers reported students dozing in class.
G) Evidence that sleep is important is overwhelming. Elegant research has demonstrated its critical role in memory improvement and our ability to generate wise sohitions to complex problems. Sleep disruption may increase the level of the stress. Excited behaviors, lack of empathy, sense of humor and mood are similarly affected. All in all, a tired adolescent is a moody, insensitive, angry and stressed one. Perhaps less obviously, sleep loss is associated with metabolic (新陈代谢的) changes. Long-term lack of sleep might be an important factor for negative conditions such as diabetes (糖尿病), overweight and high blood pressure.
H) Adolescents are increasingly using stimulants to compensate for sleep loss, and caf, feinated (含咖啡咽的) and/or sugary drinks are the usual choice. So a caffeinated drink late in the day delays sleep at night. Tiredness also increases the likelihood of taking up smoking.
I) In the US, the observation that teenagers have biologically delayed sleep patterns compared to adults prompted several schools to put back the start of the school day. An analysis of the impact by Kyla Wahlstrom at the University of Minnesota found that academic performance was enhanced, as was attendance. Sleeping in class declined, as did self-reported depression. In the UK, Monkseaton High School near Newcastle instituted a 10 am start in 2009 and saw a progress in academic perfomance. J) However, a later start by itself is not enough. Society in general, and teenagers in particular, must start to take sleep seriously. Sleep is not a luxury but a ftmdamental biological need, enhancing creativity, productivity, mood and the ability to interact with others.
K) ff you are dependent upon an alarm clock, or parent, to get you out of bed ; if you take a long time to wake up; if you feel sleepy and impatient during the day; ff your behavior is overly impulsive, it means you are probably not getting enough sleep. Take control. Ensure the bedroom is a place that promotes sleep-dark and not too warm-don't text, use a computer or watch TV for at least half an hour before trying to sleep avoid avoid bright lights. Try not to nap during the day, and seek out natural light in the morning to adjust the body clock and sleep patterns to an earlier time. Avoid caffeinated drinks after lunch.
L) It is my strongly held View, based upon the evidence, that the efforts of dedicated (专注的，投入的) teachers and the money spent on school facilities will have a greater impact and education will be more rewarding when, collectively, teenagers, parents, teachers and school governors start to take sleep seriously. In the universal language of school reports: we must do better.

In the US and UK, several schools that have delayed the start of the school day witnessed a progress in academic performance.

简答题
7、Directions：For this part,you are A．lowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below．You should start your essay with a brief account of misbehaviors of Chinese tourists abroad and then explain what the causes of these uncivilized behaviors are．You should write at least 120 words but no more than180words．


8、大熊猫是世界上珍贵的动物之一，主要栖息在中国的四川、甘肃和陕西的山区。数量十分稀少，被称为中国的“国宝”。大熊猫是一种哺乳动物，毛色黑白相间，体型肥胖。竹子是大熊猫爱吃的食物，约占食物总量的99％。由于大熊猫对生活环境要求苛刻，食物种类单一，且生育率十分低下。现存大熊猫只有1000只左右。中国政府现已采取多项措施来保护这一濒危动物(endangered spec i es)。


9、古代丝绸之路(si| k Road)曾是中西陆路交通、文化交流的大动脉。远在公元前五世纪，中国丝绸就传到了希腊等遥远的西方国家。中华民族在绵延几千年为世界人民提供着绚美华贵(beaut i fu | and e | egant)的丝绸产品，为世界做出了巨大的贡献。丝绸之路，作为中国大西北的主要旅游路线，经过十几年的开发和建设，基础设施正在完善，已经成为中国诸多旅游产品中极具吸引力的一条主题线路。


10、You shouM write a short essay on the topic ofstudents selecting their lecturers．
写作导航
1．引出现象：有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师；
2．指出学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素。
3．点明学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题。