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单项选择题
1、Questions are based on the following passage.
Kodak's decision to file for bankruptcy (破产. protection is a sad, though not unexpected, turningpoint for a leading American corporation that pioneered consumer photography and dominated the filmmarket for decades, but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution. Although many attribute Kodak's downfall to "complacency ( 自满 )," that explanation doesn'tacknowledge the lengths to which the company went to reinvent itself. Decades ago, Kodak anticipatedthat digital photography would overtake film--and in fact, Kodak invented the first digital camera in1975--but in a fateful decision, the company chose to shelf its new discovery to focus on its traditionalfilm business. It wasn't that Kodak was blind to the future, said Rebecca Henderson, a professor at HarvardBusiness School, but rather that it failed to execute on a strategy to confront it. By the time thecompany realized its mistake, it was too late.Kodak is an example of a firm that was very much aware that they had to adapt, and spent a lot ofmoney trying to do so, but ultimately failed. Large companies have a difficult time switching to newmarkets because there is a temptation to put existing assets into the new businesses.
Although Kodak anticipated the inevitable rise of digital photography, its corporate 
culture was too rooted in the successes of the past for it to make the clean break necessary to fullyembrace the future. They were a company stuck in time. Their history was so important to them. Nowtheir history has become a liability.Kodak's downfall over the last several decades was dramatic. In 1976, the company commanded90% of the market for photographic film and 85% of the market for cameras. But the 1980s broughtnew competition from Japanese film company Fuji Photo, which undermined Kodak by offering lowerprices for film and photo supplies. Kodak's decision not to pursue the role of official film for the 1984Los Angeles Olympics was a major miscalculation. The bid went instead to Fuji, which exploited itssponsorship to win a permanent foothold in the marketplace.

What do we learn about Kodak?
A．It went bankrupt all of a sudden.
B．It is approaching its downfall.
C．It initiated the digital revolution in the film industry.
D．It is playing the dominant role in the film market.


2、Questionsare based on the following passage.
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been，in the full sense of the word，silent．From the very beginning，music was regarded as an 36 accompaniment；when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896，they were 37 by piano improvisations（即兴创作）on popular tunes．At first，the music played 38 no special relationship to the films；an accompaniment of any kind was 39 ．Within a very short time，however，the incongruity（不协调）of playing lively music to a 40 film became apparent，and film pianists began to take some care in4l their pieces to the mood of the film.
As movie theaters grew in number and importance，a violinist，and perhaps a cellist，would be added to the pianist in certain 42 , and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed．For a number of years the selection of music for each film program 43 entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal 44 for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces．Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown, the musical arrangement was 45 improvised in the greatest hurry.
A．sufficient
B．incredible
C．accompanied
D．comparatively
E．matching
F．rested
G．normally
H．occasions
I．bore.
J．qualification
K．solemn
L．indispensable
M．severe
N．according
O．cases
第(36)题应填__________

3、Questionsare based on the following passage.
In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake areinfluenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eatingenvironment and our perception of the food in front of us.
Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) canincrease both hunger and the amount of food consumed．Even simple visual cues, like plate size andlighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption.
A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite．Several hoursafter a meal, people's hunger levels were predicted not by how much they'd eaten but rather by howmuch food they'd seen in front of them--in other words, how much they remembered eating.
This disparity (差异) suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on ourappetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M．Brunstrom, a professor of experimentalpsychology at the University of Bristol.
"Hunger isn't controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal．We have identifiedan independent role for memory for that meal," Brunstrom says．"This shows that the relationshipbetween hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought."
These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick ourbody's response to the food itself．In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie(卡路里) milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones (荷尔蒙~,), depending on whether the shake's label said it contained 620 or 140 calories．Moreover, theparticipants reported feeling more full when they thought they'd consumed a higher-calorie Shake.
What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves intoeating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV andmultitasldng while eating.
The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite,Brunstrom says.
What is said to be a factor affecting our appetite and food intake?
A．How we perceive the food we eat．
B．What ingredients the food contains.
C．When we eat our meals．
D．How fast we eat our meals.


4、听录音,回答题

A． Peaceful． 
B． Considerate． 
C． Generous．
D． Cooperative．


5、
Ban sugary drinks--
that will add fuel to the obesity war
[A] On a train last Thursday, I sat opposite a man who was so fat he filled more than one seat. He was pale and disfigured and looked sick to death, which he probably was: obesity (肥胖症) leads to many nasty ways of dying. Looking around the carriage, I saw quite a few people like him, including a couple of fatty children with swollen cheeks pressing against their eyes. These people are part of what is without exaggeration an epidemic (流行病) of obesity.
[B] But it is quite unnecessary: there is a simple idea--far from new--that could spare millions of such people a lifetime of chronic (长期病 ) ill health, and at the same time save the National Health Service (NHS) at least ￡14 billion a year in England and Wales. There would, you might think, be considerable public interest in it. This simple idea is that sugar is as good--or as bad--as poison and should be avoided. It is pure, white and deadly, as Professor John Yudkin described it 40 years ago in a revolutionary book of that name. The subtitle was How Sugar Is Killing Us.
[C] In its countless hidden forms, in ready meals, junk food and sweet drinks, sugar leads to addiction(瘾), to hormonal upsets to the appetite, to metabolic (新陈代谢的) maffunctions and obesity and from there to type 2 d/abetes (糖尿病) and its many horrible complications, ff people really grasped that, they would try to kick the habit, particularly as Britain is the "fat man of Europe". They might even feel driven to support government measures to prevent people from consuming this deadly stuff. Yet so far this idea has met little but resistance.
[D] It is not difficult to imagine the vested interests (既得利益集团) lined up against any sugar control--all the food and drink manufacturers, processors, promoters and retailers who make such easy pickings out of the magic powers of sugar. Then there are the liberals, with whom I would normally side, who protest that government regulation would be yet another instance of interference in our lives.
[E] That is true, but people should realise that you cannot have a welfare state without a nanny state(保姆国家), to some degree. If we are all to be responsible for one another's health insurance,through socialised medicine, then' we are all closely involved in one another's health, including everyone's eating and drinking. That has already been admitted, finally, with smoking. But it has yet to be admitted with overeating, even though one in four adults in this country is obese and that number is predicted to double by the year 2050. Quite apart from anything else, obesity will cripple the NHS.
[F] Recently, though, there have been signs that the medical establishment is trying to sound the alarm.Last month the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges (AMRC． published a report saying that obesity is the greatest public health issue affecting the UK and urging government to do something.
[G] The report offers 10 recommendations, of which the first is imposing a tax of 20 percent on sugary drinks for at least a year, on top of the existing 20 percent value-added tax. That at least would be'an excellent start. The amounts of sugar in soft drinks are horrifying, and turn straight to fat. As Professor Terence Stephenson, head of the AMRC, has said, sugary soft drinks are "the ultimate bad food. You are just consuming neat sugar. Your body didn't evolve to handle this kind of thing."
[H] Precisely. The risks of eating too much fat or salt(which are very different) pale into insignificance compared with the harm done by sugar. And it is everywhere.
[I ] It is difficult to buy anything in a supermarket, other than plain, unprepared meat, fish or vegetables,that doesn't have a large amount of sugar in it. This has come about because the prevailing scientific views of the 1960s and 1970s ignored the evidence about sugar, and instead saw fat as the really serious risk, both to the heart and other organs, as well as the cause of obesity.
[J] The fashion was to avoid fat. But finding that food with much of its fat removed is not very appetising, food producers turned to sugar as a magic alternative flavour enhancer, often in the forms of syrups (糖浆) that had recently been developed from corn, and put it generously into most prepared foods and soft drinks.
[K] This stuff is not just fattening. It is addictive. It interferes with the body's metabolism, possibly via the activity of an appetite-controlling hormone. There's plenty of evidence for this, for those who will accept the troth.
[L] Theoretically, people ought to make"healthy choices" and avoid overeating. But sugar additives are not easy to identify and are hard to avoid. So the snacking, over-drinldng and over-eating that makes people fat is not really their own fault: obesity is in large part something that is being done to them. It should be stopped, or rather the government should stop it.
[M] Going round my local supermarket, I am constantly astonished that it is still legal to sell all the poisons stacked high on the shelves. The problem is that they are worse than useless. They are poisonous. They are known to be addictive. They are known to make people obese. And giving small children sweet drinks or bottles of fake juice all day long is nothing less than child abuse.
[N] Clearly, the sale of such stuff ought to be illegal. I hate to think of yet more government regulation,But a bit of tax on sweet soda and a little more health education, a bit of cooking in schools and banning vending machines (自动售货机) here and there--as suggested by the AMRC report--is not going to achieve very much. Labelling is quite inadequate. What is needed is legislation banning high levels of sugary syrups used in foods and drinks.
[O] In June 2012, the then minister for public health said the government was not scared of the food industry and had not ruled out legislation, because of the costs of obesity to the NHS. However,nothing has happened yet. Why not have another Jammie Dodger biscuit and forget about it.
Avoiding over-consumption of sugar can improve people's health as well as save medical expenses.


6、
Which Hand Did They Use?
A) We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was fight-handed, and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by month, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward--a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a fight hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.
B) Cave art furnishes other types of evidence of this phenomenon. Most engravings, for exan~ple, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of fight-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush. In the few cases where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something, it is mostly, though not always, in the right hand.
C) Clues to right-handedness can also be found by other methods. Right-handers tend to have longer, stronger, and more muscular bones on the right side, and Marcellin Boule as long ago as 1911 noted the La Chapel le-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton had a right upper arm bone that was noticeably stronger than the left. Similar observations have been made on other Neanderthal skeletons such as La Ferrassie I and Neanderthal itself.
D) Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence. Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. The skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs.
E) Tools themselves can be revealing. Long-handed Neolithic spoons of yew wood preserved in Alpine villages dating to 3000 B.C. have survived; the signs of rubbing on their left side indicate that their users were fight-handed. The late Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux consists of fibers spiraling to the fight, and was therefore tressed by a right-hander.
F) Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced. In stone toolmaking experiments, Nick Toth, a fight-bander, held the core (the stone that would become the tool) in his left hand and the hammer stone in his fight. As the tool was made, the core was rotated clockwise, and the flakes, removed in sequence, had a little crescent of cortex (the core's outer surface) on the side. Toth's knapping produced 56 percent flakes with the cortex on the right, and 44 percent left-oriented flakes. A left-handed toolmaker would produce the opposite pattern Toth has applied these criteria to the similarly made pebble tools from a number of early sites ( before 1.5 million years ) at Koobi Fora, Kenya, probably made by Homo habilis. At seven sites he found that 57 percent of the flakes were fight-oriented, and 43 percent left, a pattern almost identical to that produced today.
G) About 90 percent of modem humans are right-handed: we are the only mammal with a preferential use of one hand. The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere，and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago. Among Neanderthalers of 70, 000-35, 000 years ago, Marcellin Boule noted that the La Chapelle-aux-Saints individual had a left hemisphere slightly bigger than the right，and the same was found for brains of specimens from Neanderthal，Gibraltar，and La Quina.
H)The longitudinal fissure separates the human brain into two distinct cerebral hemispheres，connected by the corpus callosum. The hemispheres exhibit strong，but not complete，bilateral symmetry in both structure and function. For example，structurally，the lateral sulcus generally is longer in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere，and functionally，Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area are present only in the left hemisphere in greater than 95％ of the population. Broad generalizations are often made in popular psychology about one side or the other having characteristic labels，such as“logical’’for the left side or“creative”for the fight. These labels need to be treated carefully；although a lateral dominance is measurable，both hemispheres contribute to both kinds of processes，and experimental evidence provides little suppoa for correlating the structural differences between the sides with such broadly-defined functional differences.
I)The extent of any modularity，or specialization of brain function by area，remains under investigation. If a specific region of the brain，or even an entire hemisphere，is either injured or destroyed，its functions can sometimes be assumed by a neighboring region in the ipsilateral hemisphere or a corresponding region in the contralateral hemisphere，depending upon the area damaged and the patient’s age. When injury interferes with pathways from one area to another，alternative(indirect)connections may develop to communicate information with detached areas，despite the inefficiencies. Brain function lateralization is evident in the phenomena of right-or left—handedness and of fight or left ear preference，but a person’s preferred hand is not a clear indication of the location of brain function. Although 95％ of fight-handed people have left—hemisphere dominance for language. 18. 8％of left-handed people have fight-hemisphere dominance for language function. Additionally, 19.8％of the left-handed have bilateral language functions. Even within various language functions(e. g. semantics，syntax，prosody韵律)，degree(and even hemisphere)of dominance may differ.
It is acknowledged that there are more right-handed than left·handed people.


填空题
7、听音频，回答题 
We might not be alone in the universe. Actually, it may be 26 as a very crowded place by new computer models developed to help identify 27 planets.
Estimates of places that can sustain life have been 28 the likelihood of them having surface water. But software recently developed by the Aberdeen University allows researchers to identify planets with underground water kept liquid by planetary heat.
Water is29for life and planets too close to the sun lose water to the30through evaporation( 蒸发). On the other hand, planets located in distant reaches from their star have their surface water locked away as ice.
Scan McMahon, who is carrying out the work, explained that 31 people have said that if a planet is in this Goldilocks zone, which means it is neither too hot nor too cold, it can have 32 on its surface and be habitable. But this perception might change when considering that planets can receive two sources of heat—heat direct from the star and heat 33 deep inside the planet. It is easy to observe it in our own planet. As you descend through the crust of the Earth, the temperature gets higher and higher. Even when the surface of the planet is 34, water can exist below ground. There could be immense quantities of water full of primitive life. So the Aberdeen team is developing models to predict which far-away planets might harbor underground reservoirs of liquid water with the possibility of35 life.
第(26)题__________


简答题
8、听录音，回答题
It’s well known that big animals，lil But what about insects?Some may be able to（28）——just about anywhere.But most insects arejust as sensitive to climate change as their larger，more beloved animal（29）——.‘
What’s more，insects are arguably more important than large mammals，（30）——speakin9.While severalthousand polar bears wander the arctic，untold billions of insects live in virtually everywhere on Earth.And they’re（31）——in every ecosystem.For example，many of the world’s crops and other plants relyon insects for pollination（授粉．.In forests，insects help break down dead trees and prepare the soil fornew growth.And there are the animals，like birds，that（32）insects.
So how exactly will global warming affect insects?We don’t really know.Some may go extinct.Otherscould migrate to cooler regions and（33）——native insect species there.And this could have all sortsof important implications for crops and entire ecosystems.
m试we do’know is that because insects can’t（34）——their body temperature to the same degreeas.mammals，they’re particularly sensitive to climate change.It’s hard to（35）——what will happen toinsects as the Earth warms.But it looks like we’re about to find out.
第(26)题__________


9、For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to un ite a short essay entitled Vocational Educationor College Education?following the outline given below.You should write least 120 wordsbut no?nore than 180words.Write your essay on Answer Sheet l.
1.报考职业学院的人数近年来有上升的趋势
2.有人认为职业教育更有利于就业，有人认为大学文凭更重要
3.我的看法
Vocational Education or College Education?

10、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a shortessay on the following question. You should write least 120 words butno more than 180 words.Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your campus,what is the most interesting placeyou would like to take himher to seeand why?