Ӣ���ļ�

单项选择题
1、
Questions  are based on the conversation you have just heard.

A．Her student doesn't come on time.
B．Her computer system crashes.
C．She has no money to pay her loan. 
D．She can't get the book she needs.


2、
Questions  are based on the conversation you have just heard.

A．To discuss a job opportunity.
B．To learn how to advertise the business.
C．To change a previous print order.
D．To discuss a design idea for business cards.


3、听音频，
回答题

A．He doesn't know the way to the theatre.
B．He has to go early to get a good parking place.
C．He will miss the beginning of the movie.
D．He doesn't want to get stuck in the traffic.


4、阅读材料：回答题
Reaping the Rewards of Risk-Taking
A. Since Steve Jobs resigned as chief executive of Apple, much has been said about him as a peerless business leader who has created immense wealth for shareholders, and guided the design of hit products that are transforming entire industries, like music and mobile communications.
B. All true, but let's think different, to borrow the Apple marketing slogan of years back. Let's look at Mr. Jobs as a role model.
C. Above all, he is an innovator (创新者). His creative force is seen in products such as the iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and in new business models for pricing and distributing music and mobile software online. Studies of innovation come to the same conclusion: you can't engineer innovation, but you can increase the odds of it occurring. And Mr. Jobs' career can be viewed as a consistent pursuit of improving those odds, both for himself and the companies he has led. Mr. Jobs, of course, has enjoyed singular success. But innovation, broadly defined, is the crucial ingredient in all economic progress--higher growth for nations, more competitive products for companies, and more prosperous careem for individuals. And Mr. Jobs, many experts say, exemplifies what works in the innovation game.
D. "We can look at and learn from Steve Jobs what the essence of American innovation is," says John Kao, an innovation consultant to corporations and governments. Many other nations, Mr. John Kao notes, axe now ahead of the United States in producing what are considered the raw materials of innovation. These include government financing for scientific research, national policies to support emerging industries, educational achievement, engineers and scientists graduated, even the speeds of Internet broadband service.
E. Yet what other nations typically lack, Mr. Kao adds, is a social environment that encourages diversity, experimentation, risk-taking, and combining skills from many fields into products that he calls "recombinant mash-ups (打碎重组)," like the iPhone, which redefined the smartphone category. "The culture of other countries doesn't support the kind of innovation that Steve Jobs exemplifies, as America does," Mr. John Kao says.
F. Workers of every rank are told these days that wide-ranging curiosity and continuous learning are vital to tturiving in the modern economy. Formal education matters, career counselors say, but real- life experience is often even more valuable.
G. An adopted child, growing up in Silicon Valley, Mr. Jobs displayed those traits early on. He wasfascinated by electronics as a child, building Heathkit do-it-yourself projects, like radios. Mr. Jobs dropped out of Reed College after only a semester and traveled around India in search of spiritual enlightenment, before returning to Silicon Valley to found Apple with his friend, Stephen Wozniak, an engineering wizard (奇才). Mr. Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, went off and founded two other companies, Next and Pixar, before returning to Apple in 1996 and becoming chiefexecutive in 1997.
H. His path was unique, but innovation experts say the pattern of exploration is not unusual. "It's often people like Steve Jobs who can draw from a deep reservoir of diverse experiences that often generate breakthrough ideas and insights," says Hal Gregersen, a professor at the European Institute of Business Administration.
I. Mr. Gregersen is a co-author of a new book, The Innovator's DNA, which is based on an eight-year study of 5,000 entrepreneurs (创业者. and executives worldwide. His two collaborators and co- authors are Jeff Dyer, a professor at Brigham Young University, and Clayton Christensen, a professor at the Harvard Business School, whose 1997 book The Innovator's Dilemma popularized the concept of "disruptive ( 颠覆性的. innovation. "
J. The academics identify five traits that are common to the disruptive innovators: questioning, experimenting, observing, associating and networking. Their bundle of characteristics echoes the ceaseless curiosity and willingness to take risks noted by other experts. Networking, Mr. Hal Gregersen explains, is less about career-building relationships than a consistent search for new ideas. Associating, he adds, is the ability to make idea-producing connections by linking concepts from different disciplines.
K. "Innovators engage in these mental activities regularly," Mr. Gregersen says. "It's a habit for them. " Innovative companies, according to the authors, typically enjoy higher valuations in thestock market, which they call an "innovation premium (溢价). " It is calculated by estimating the share of a company's value that cannot be accounted for by its current products and cash flow. The innovation premium tries to quantify ( 量化. investors' bets that a company will do even better in the future because of innovation.
L. Apple, by their calculations, had a 37 percent innovation premium during Mr. Jobs' first term withthe company. His years in exile resulted in a 31 percent innovation discount. After his return, Applee's fortunes inmroved gradv at first, and imp)roved markedly starting in 2005, yielding a 52percent innovation premium since then.
M. There is no conclusive proof, but Mr. Hal Gregersen says it is unlikely that Mr. Jobs could havereshaped industries beyond computing, as he has done in his second term at Apple, without theexperience outside the company, especially at Pixar--the computer-animation (动画制作. studiothat created a string of critically and commercially successful movies, such as "Toy Story" and
N. Mr. Jobs suggested much the same thing during a commencement address to the graduating class atStanford University in 2005. "It turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing thatcould have ever happened to me," he told the students. Mr. Jobs also spoke of perseverance ( 坚持. and will power. "Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick," he said. "Don't losefaith. "
O. Mr. Jobs ended his commencement talk with a call to innovation, both in one's choice of work andin one's life.Be curious, experiment, take risks, he said to the students.His advice wasemphasized by the words on the back of the final edition of The Whole Earth Catalog, which hequoted: "Stay hungry. Stay foolish. " "And," Mr. Jobs said, "I have always wished that formyself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you. "
Steve Jobs called on Stanford graduates to innovate in his commencement address.

5、阅读下文，回答题
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 
U. S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan appealed Friday for a new generation of extraordinary teachers，calling education the civil rights cause of our time. Duncan told about 100 prospective（未来的）teachers at the University of Virginia that veterans，retirees and professionals seeking a second career must pay attention to the call to teach. He said the need is especially acute for black men in the nation’s classrooms. 
The Virginia address is the first of several Duncan will make in October to press for bright candidates to enter teaching. He’ll host a virtual town meeting with teachers from around the nation oil Oct. 20，then deliver a major address on teacher preparation two days later in New York City. 
Duncan stressed the importance of teaching as the U. S. competes with an increasingly educated global work force，saying strong education is needed to reduce dropout rates among African-American，Latino and low-income students. “I believe that education is the civil rights issue of our generation，”Duncan said. “If you care about promoting opportunity and reducing inequality and social injustice，the classroom is the place to start. ”
Duncan noted that the next four years alone could see one-third of the nation’s teachers and administrators leave. The departure of veteran educators will create huge demand for new teachers--200，000 annually in good economic times，he said. 
Duncan stressed that the demand for teachers is greatest amon9“high-poverty，high-needs” and rural schools, as well as in subjects such as math and science. “It is especially troubling，”he added，“that less than 2 percent of our nation’s teachers are African-American males. ”
Duncan said the way to bring more young black men into the teaching profession is to make sure that they continue their studies and don’t drop out at the high rates they do IIOW. “0ur African male dropout rate is too high. If you’re dropping out of high school you can’t be a teacher,” he said. 
Duncan said the nation cannot rely alone oil schools of education to produce the next generation of teachers. He called for expanding alternatives such as Teach for America which recruits recent college graduates to teach in schools in poor communities for at least two years. 

Duncan made the Virginia address so as to highlight __________. 
A．the nation’s need for excellent teachers
B．the nation’s need for black people in classrooms
C．the need of those who seek a second career
D．the need of those who are prepared to be teachers

6、Questionsare based on the following passage.
Food waste has been a chronic problem for restaurants and grocery stores--with inillious of tons lostalong the way as crops are hauled hundreds of miles，stored for weeks in refrigerators and prepared onbusy restaurant assembly lines.But the historically high price of products is making it an even bigger dragon the bottom line.
Restaurants，colleges，hospitals and other institutions are compensating for the rising costs of waste innovel ways.Some are tracking their trash with software systems，making food in smaller packages ortrying to compost（将……制成堆肥．and cut down on trash-hauling costs.
“We have all come to work with this big elephant in the middle of the kitchen，and the elephant isthis‘It’s okay to waste’belief system，”said Andrew Shackman，president of LeanPath，a company thathelps restaurants cut back food waste.
The interest level in cutting food waste“has just skyrocketed in the last six to nine months.”he said.
Roughly 30 percent of food in the United States goes to waste，costing some$48 billion annually，according to a Stockholm International Water Institute study.A University of Arizona study estimated that40 to50 percent of food in the United States is wasted.Wholesale food costs have risen more than 8percent this year,the biggest jump in decades，according the National Restaurant Association.
Freshman students at Virginia Tech were surprised this year when they entered two of the campus’s
biggest dining halls to find there were no trays.
“You have to go back and get your dishware and your drink，but it’S not that different，”said CaltlinMewborn,a ffeshman“It’S not a big trouble.You take less food.and you don’t eat more than you should.”Getting rid of trays has cut food waste by 38 percent at the dining halls，said Denny Cochrane，manager of Virginia Tech’S sustainability program.Before the program began，students often grabbedwhatever looked good at the buffet（自助餐．，only to find at the table that their eyes were bigger thantheir stomachs，he said.
High price of products makes the problem of food waste————————————.
A．less serious
B．more urgent
C．less noticeable
D．more unsolvable


7、
The End of the Book?
A．Amazon, by far the largest bookseller in the country, reported on May 19 that it is now selling more books in its electronic Kindle format than in the old paper-and-ink format．That is remarkable,considering that the Kindle has only been around for four years．E-books now account for 14 percent of all book sales in this country and are increasing far faster than overall book sales．E-book sales are up 146 percent over last year, while hardback sales increased 6 percent and paperbacks decreased 8 percent．
B．Does this spell the doom of the physical book? Certainly not immediately, and perhaps not at all．What it does mean is that the book business will go through a transformation in the next decade or so more profound than any it has seen since Gutenberg introduced printing from moveable type in the 1450s．
C．Physical books will surely become much rarer in the marketplace．Mass market paperbacks, which have been declining for years anyway, will probably disappear, as will hardbacks for mysteries,thrillers,  “omance fiction,”etc．Such books, which only rarely end up in permanent collections,either private or public, will probably only be available as e-books within a few years．Hardback and trade paperbacks for  “serious” nonfiction and fiction will surely last longer．Perhaps it will become the mark of an author to reckon with that he or she is Still published in hard copy．
D．As for children's books, who knows? Children's_ books are like dog food in that the purchasers are not the consumers, so the market (and the marketing) is inherently strange．
E．For clues to the book's future, let's look at some examples of technological change and see what happened to the old technology．
F．One technology replaces another only because the new technology is better, cheaper, or both．The greater the difference, the sooner and more thoroughly the new technology replaces the old．Printing with moveable type on paper dramatically reduced the cost of producing a book compared with the old-fashioned ones handwritten on vellum, which comes from sheepskin．A Bible--to be sure, a long book--required vellum made from 300 sheepskins and countless man-hours of labor．Before printing arrived, a Bible cost more than a middle-class house．There were perhaps 50,000 books in all of Europe in 1450．By 1500 there were 10 million．
G．But while printing quickly caused the handwritten book to die out, handwriting lingered on(继续存在)well into the 16th century．Very special books are still occasionally produced on vellum, but they are one-of-a-kind show pieces．
H．Sometimes a new technology doesn't drive the old one out, but only parts of it while forcing the rest to evolve．The movies were widely predicted to drive live theater out of the marketplace, but they didn't, because theater turned out to have qualities movies could not reproduce．Equally, TV was supposed to replace movies but, again, did not．
I．Movies did, however, fatally impact some parts of live theater．And while TV didn't kill movies, it did kill second-rate pictures, shorts, and cartoons．
J．Nor did TV kill radio．Comedy and drama shows (“Jack Benny,” “Amos and Andy,” “The Shadow”)all migrated to television．But because you can't drive a car and watch television at the same time,rush hour became radio's prime time, while music, talk, and news radio greatly enlarged their audiences．Radio is today a very different business than in the late 1940s and a much larger one．
K．Sometimes old technology lingers for centtmes because of its symbolic power．Mounted cavalry (骑兵)replaced the chariot  (二轮战车) on the battlefield around 1000 BC．But chariots maintained their place in parades and triumphs right up until the end of the Roman Empire 1,500 years later．The sword hasn't had a military function for a hundred years, but is still part of an officer's full-dress uniform, precisely because a sword always symbolized “an officer and a gentleman．”
L．Sometimes new technology is a little cranky  (不稳定的) at first．Television repairman was a common occupation in the 1950s, for instance．And so the old technology remains as a backup．Steamships captured the North Atlantic passenger business from sail in the 1840s because of its much greater speed．But steamships didn't lose their sails until the 1880s, because early marine engines had a nasty habit of breaking down．Until ships became large enough (and engines small enough) to mount two engines side by side, they needed to keep sails．(The high cost of steam and the lesser need for speed kept the majority of the world's ocean freight moving by sail until the early years of the 20th century．)
M．Then there is the fireplace．Central heating was present in upper- and middle-class home by the second half of the 19th century．But functioning fireplaces remain to this day a powerful selling point in a house or apartment．I suspect the reason is a deep-rooted love of fire．Fire was one of the earliest major technological advances for humankind, providing heat, protection, and cooked food (which is much easier to eat and digest)．Human control of fire goes back far enough (over a million years) that evolution could have produced a genetic leaning towards fire as a central aspect of human life．
N．Books--especially books the average person could afford--haven't been around long enough to produce evolutionary change in humans．But they have a powerful hold on many people nonetheless,a hold extending far beyond their literary content．At their best, they are works of art and there is a tactile (触觉的) pleasure in books necessarily lost in e-book versions．The ability to quickly thumb through pages is also lost．And a room with books in it induces, at least in some, a feeling not dissimilar to that of a fire in the fireplace on a cold winter's night．
O．For these reasons I think physical books will have a longer existence as a commercial product than some currently predict．Like swords, books have symbolic power．Like fireplaces, they induce a sense of comfort and warmth．And, perhaps, similar to sails, they make a useful backup for when the lights go out．
Authors still published in printed versions will be considered important ones．


8、听录音，回答题

A．To make a business report to the woman.
B．To be interviewed for a job in the woman's company.
C．To resign from his position in the woman's company.
D．To exchange stock market information with the woman.


9、听录音,回答题

A．About 6 years．
B．About 5 years．
C．About 7 years．
D．About 8 years．


10、听录音,回答题

A．The procedure of Nobel Prize awarding.
B．The people who award Nobel Prizes.
C．The people who receive Nobel Prizes.
D．The ceremony of Nobel Prize awarding.