2015年英语四级考试每日一练(12月18日)
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单项选择题
1、
Questions are based on the following passage.
The ideal companion machine--the computer——would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also behave in a pleasant manner. Its informal conversational style make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable (不可预知的) and therefore very interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.
Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation (恼怒 ) . After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.
An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that people obtain from interpersonal friendships. The computer would participate in interesting conversation that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user's life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer's own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the computer might indeed become a very attractive social partner.
Which feature belongs to the computer as an ideal companion machine?
A．Cheap in price.
B．Enjoyable in performance.
C．Subtle in personality.
D．Unpredictable in behaviour.
2、听录音：回答题
A．It is lined with tall trees.
B．It was widened recently.
C．It has high buildings on both sides.
D．It used to be dirty and disorderly.
3、阅读下文，回答题
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been，in the full sense of the word，silent. From the very beginning，music was regarded as an（36）accompaniment；when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896，they were （37） by piano improvisations（即兴创作）on popular tunes. At first，the music played （38） no special relationship to the films；an accompaniment of any kind was （39） . Within a very short time，however，the incongruity（不协调）of playing lively music to a（40） film became apparent，and film pianists began to take some care in（41）their pieces to the mood of the film.
As movie theaters grew in number and importance，a violinist，and perhaps a cellist，would be added to the pianist in certain（42） , and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each film program（43） entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal（44）for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown, the musical arrangement was （45）improvised in the greatest hurry.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
A. sufficient
B. incredible
C. accompanied
D. comparatively
E. matching
F. rested
G. normally
H. occasions
I. bore.
J. qualification
K. solemn
L. indispensable
M. severe
N. according
O. cases
第(36)题应填__________
4、Questions are based on the following passage.
Eating a Mediterranean-style diet--packed with fruits，vegetables，legumes（豆类．，nuts，olive oil and丘sh—is good for your heart.many studies have found.Now scientists are suggesting the diet may be goodfor your mental health，to0.
A study of over l0，000 Spaniards followed for almost four and half years on average found that thosewho reported eating a healthy Mediterranean diet at the beginning of the study were about half as likelyto develop depression than those who said they did not stick to the diet.
All of the participants were free of depression when they were recruited to the study，and each filledout a l36-item food frequency questionnaire when they joined.Based on their serf-reported dietary habits，they were assigned a score between o and 9，with the highest score reflecting the closest sticking to aMediterranean diet.
Over time，those who had scored between 5 and 9on the Mediterranean diet were 42 percent to51
percent less likely to develop depression，the study found，than those who scored between o and 2.
ne study does not prove a cause—and-effect relationship between the Mediterranean diet and a lowerrisk for depression，only an association between the tw0.Still，many scientists are convinced that somedamaging processes involved in cardiovascular（心脏血管的．disease may also play a role in mental health.“Both cardiovascular disease and depression share conunon mechanisms，”said Dr.Miguel AngelMartinez.Gonzalez，professor of preventive medicine at University of Navarra in Pamplona,Spam，and seniorauthor of the paper，published in the October issue of Archives of General Psychiatry.
?
“ne m醐曲帆L懈（细胞膜．of our nerve cell are composed of fat，so the quality of fat that you areeating definitely has all influence on the quality of the neuron membranes，and the body’s combination ofneurotrausmitters is dependent on the vitamins you’re eatin9.”Dr.Martinez.Gonzalez added． “We thinkthose least sticking to the Mediterranean dietary plan have a deficiency of essential nutrients.’’
The elements of the diet most closely linked to a lower risk of depression were fruits.nuts and
legumes，the study found.
Scientists have proved that a Mediterranean-style diet.
A．helps develop a healthy heart
B．results in a healthy mind
C．is popular among Spaniards
D．contains little fat
5、听录音,
回答题
A． She used to be in poor health.
B． She was popular among boys.
C． She was somewhat overweight.
D． She didn't do well at high school.
6、Questions are based on the following passage.
When we talk about Americans barely into adulthood who are saddled with unbearable levels of debt, the conversation is almost always about student loan debt．But there's a growing body of evidence suggesting that today's young adults are als0 drowning in credit-card debt--and that many of them will take this debt to their graves.
More than 20% overspent their income by more than $100 every single month．Since they .haven't built up their credit histories yet, it's a safe bet that these young adults are paying relatively high interest rates on the resulting credit card debt.
Although many young people blame "socializing" as a barrier to saving money, most of them aren't knocking back $20 drinks in trendy (时尚的)lounges．They're struggling with much more daily financial demands.
To a disturbingly large extent, the young and the broke are relying on credit cards to make it until their next payday．This obviously isn't sustainable in the long run, and it's going to put a huge drag on their spending power even after they reach their peak earning years, because they'll still be paying interest on that bottle of orange juice or box of spaghetti (意式面条)they bought a decade earlier.
A new study out of Ohio State University found that young adults are accumulating credit card debt at a more rapid rate than other age groups, and that they're slower at paying it off． "If what we found continues to hold true, we may have more elderly people with substantial financial problems in the future," warns Lucia Dunn, professor of economics at Ohio State． "If our findings persist, we may be faced with a financial crisis among elderly people who can't pay off their credit cards."
Dunn says a lot of these young people are never going to get out from under their credit card debt."Many people are borrowing on credit cards so heavily that payoff rates at these levels are not sufficient to recover their credit card debt by the end of their life, which could have loss implications for the credit card issuing banks."
What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A．Many young Americans will never be able to pay off their debts.
B．Credit cards play .an increasingly important role in college life.
C．Credit cards are doing more haxm than student loans.
D．The American credit card system is under criticism.
7、
根据材料，回答 问题。
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.
You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Addicted, Really?
Mental-health specialists disagree over whether to classify compulsive online behaviour as addiction---and how to treat it. Craig Smallwood, a disabled American war veteran, spent more than 20,000 hours over five years playing an online role-playing game called "Lineage II". When NCsoft, the South Korean firm behind the game, accused him of breaking the game's rules and banned him, he was plunged into depression, severe paranoia (偏执) and hallucinations (幻想). He spent three weeks in hospital. After that, he sued NCsoft for fraud and negligence (过失 ), demanding over $ 9m in damages and claiming that the company acted negligently by failing to warn him of the danger that he would become "addicted" to the game.
But does it make sense to talk of addiction to online activity? Mental-health specialists say three online behaviors can become problematic for many people: video games, pornography ( 色情作品 ) and messaging via e-mail and social networks. But there is far less agreement about whether any of this should be called "Internet addiction"--or how to treat it.
Some mental-health specialists wanted "Internet addiction" to be included in the fifth version of psychiatry's bible, the"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", known as DSM-V, which is currently being overhauled (全面修订). The American Medical Association endorsed (赞成) the idea in 2007, only to backtrack( 放弃) days later. The American Journal of Psychiatry called Internet addiction a "common disorder" and supported its recognition. Last year the DSM-V drafting group made its decision: lnteruet addiction would not be included as a "behavioral addiction"--only gambling made the cut--but it said further study was necessary.
Skeptics say there is nothing uniquely addictive about the Internet. Back in 2000, Joseph Walther, a communications professor at Michigan State University, co-wrote an article in which he suggested, tongue in cheek, that the criteria used to call someone an Internet addict might also show that most professors were "addicted" to academia (学术活动). He argued that other factors, such as depression, are the real problem.
He stands by that view today. "No scientific evidence has emerged to suggest that lnternet use is a cause rather than a consequence of some other sort of issue," he says. "Focusing on and treating people for Internet addiction, rather than looking for underlying clinical issues, is definitely unwise."
Others disagree. "That would be wrong," says Kimberly Young, a researcher and therapist who has worked on Interact addiction since 1994. She insists that the Internet, with its powerfully immersive environments, creates new problems that people must learn to navigate(应对). Otherwise, the changing lifestyle will affect the development of the society.
No one disputes that online habits can turn toxic. Take South Korea, where widespread broadband means that the average high-school student plays video games for 23 hours each week. In 2007 the government estimated that around 210,000 children needed treatment for Internet addiction. In 2010 newspapers around the globe carried the story of a South Korean couple who fed their infant daughter so little that she starved to death. Instead of caring for the child, the couple spent most nights at an Internet cafe, sinking hours into a role- playing game in which they raised, fed and cared for a virtual daughter. And several South Korean men have died from exhaustion after marathon, multi-day gaming sessions.
The South Korean government has since asked game developers to adopt a gaming curfew (宵禁) for children, to prevent them playing between midnight and 8 a.m. At the same time, it has also opened more than 100 clinics for Internet addiction and sponsored an "Internet rescue camp" for serious cases.
But compulsive behaviour is not limited to garners. E-mail or web-use behaviours can also show signs of addiction. Getting through a business lunch in which no one pulls out a phone to check their messages now counts as a minor miracle in many quarters. A deluge (泛滥) of self-help books, most recently "Alone Together" by Sherry Turlde, a social scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, offer advice on how to unplug (去除障碍).
Pornography is hardly new, either, but the Internet makes accessing it much easier than ever before. When something can be summoned in an instant via broadband, whether it is a game world, an e-mail inbox or pornographic material, it is harder to resist. New services lead to new complaints. When online auction sites first became popular, talk of "eBay addiction" soon followed. Dr. Young says women complain to her now about addiction to Facebook--or even to "FarmVille", a game playable only within Facebook.
Treatment centres have popped up around the world with the popularity of online games. In 2006 Amsterdam's Smith & Jones facility billed itself as "the first and, currently, the only residential video-game treatment program in the world". In America the reSTART Internet Addiction Recovery Program claims to treat Internet addiction, gaming addiction, and even "texting addiction". In China, meanwhile, military-style "boot camps" are the preferred way to treat Internet problems.
Yet many people like feeling permanently connected. As Arikia Millikan, an American blogger, once put it, "If I could be jacked in at every waking hour of the day, I would, and I think a lot of my peers would do the, same." Bob LaRose, an Internet specialist at Michigan State University, doesn't believe her. In his research on college students, he found that most sense when they are "going overboard and restore self-control". Less than1% have a pathological(病态的) problem, he adds. For most people, Internet use "is just a habit--and one that brings us pleasure."
According to Joseph Walther, it is unwise to emphasize the treatment of Internet addiction instead of seeking for potential clinical issues.
填空题
8、听音频,回答题
What does it mean to obey the law? That（26）_____ where you are. Different cultures have very different views of obeying the law. In some cultures，law-abiding citizens try to keep the letter of the law. That is，whatever the law says，they do. In other cultures，good citizens live by the（27）_____ of the law. They see the law only as a general（28）_____. Often they obey the law only when someone official is looking. The situation in America fits into the first（29）_____. That doesn’t mean all Americans keep the law. But American culture teaches people to respect the law--even to the smallest detail.
Driving habits（30）_____ American respect for the law. A driver will usually stop for a red light, even when there are no other cars around. People treat the lines marking streets and roads as（31）_____ boundaries，not just decorations. Vehicles yield to those with the right of way--particularly pedestrians. Actually，though，drivers don’t always keep traffic rules. For example，many drivers（32）_____ freeway speed limits. But Americans generally drive with careful attention to the traffic rules.
Of course，not everyone in America abides by the law. Crime is a growing problem. For that reason，law enforcement officials will never（33）_____ a job. Police officers have their hands full trying to arrest lawbreakers. Detective agencies spend countless hours trying to（34）_____ unsolved crimes. Nevertheless, most Americans still like to believe that the law will（35）_____ catch the bad guys.
第(26)题__________
简答题
9、 美国人强调效率、竞争和独创性而中国人则将严谨规划放在首位，鼓励团队成员之间的密切合作和无私奉献。在美国学校，讨论享有至高无上的地位；而中国教师喜欢讲课，喜欢考试，编写千篇一律的标准教案，培养整齐划一的高才生。现在，中美联系比以往更加紧密。中国人学英语、玩保龄球、吃肯德基，美国人学汉语、练功夫、吃北京烤鸭。
10、 Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay.You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture andthen express your views on the importance of learning basic skills. Youshould write at least 120 words but no rnore than 180 words.
1、
Questions are based on the following passage.
The ideal companion machine--the computer——would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also behave in a pleasant manner. Its informal conversational style make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable (不可预知的) and therefore very interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.
Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation (恼怒 ) . After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.
An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that people obtain from interpersonal friendships. The computer would participate in interesting conversation that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user's life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer's own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the computer might indeed become a very attractive social partner.
Which feature belongs to the computer as an ideal companion machine?
A．Cheap in price.
B．Enjoyable in performance.
C．Subtle in personality.
D．Unpredictable in behaviour.
2、听录音：回答题
A．It is lined with tall trees.
B．It was widened recently.
C．It has high buildings on both sides.
D．It used to be dirty and disorderly.
3、阅读下文，回答题
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been，in the full sense of the word，silent. From the very beginning，music was regarded as an（36）accompaniment；when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896，they were （37） by piano improvisations（即兴创作）on popular tunes. At first，the music played （38） no special relationship to the films；an accompaniment of any kind was （39） . Within a very short time，however，the incongruity（不协调）of playing lively music to a（40） film became apparent，and film pianists began to take some care in（41）their pieces to the mood of the film.
As movie theaters grew in number and importance，a violinist，and perhaps a cellist，would be added to the pianist in certain（42） , and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each film program（43） entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal（44）for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown, the musical arrangement was （45）improvised in the greatest hurry.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
A. sufficient
B. incredible
C. accompanied
D. comparatively
E. matching
F. rested
G. normally
H. occasions
I. bore.
J. qualification
K. solemn
L. indispensable
M. severe
N. according
O. cases
第(36)题应填__________
4、Questions are based on the following passage.
Eating a Mediterranean-style diet--packed with fruits，vegetables，legumes（豆类．，nuts，olive oil and丘sh—is good for your heart.many studies have found.Now scientists are suggesting the diet may be goodfor your mental health，to0.
A study of over l0，000 Spaniards followed for almost four and half years on average found that thosewho reported eating a healthy Mediterranean diet at the beginning of the study were about half as likelyto develop depression than those who said they did not stick to the diet.
All of the participants were free of depression when they were recruited to the study，and each filledout a l36-item food frequency questionnaire when they joined.Based on their serf-reported dietary habits，they were assigned a score between o and 9，with the highest score reflecting the closest sticking to aMediterranean diet.
Over time，those who had scored between 5 and 9on the Mediterranean diet were 42 percent to51
percent less likely to develop depression，the study found，than those who scored between o and 2.
ne study does not prove a cause—and-effect relationship between the Mediterranean diet and a lowerrisk for depression，only an association between the tw0.Still，many scientists are convinced that somedamaging processes involved in cardiovascular（心脏血管的．disease may also play a role in mental health.“Both cardiovascular disease and depression share conunon mechanisms，”said Dr.Miguel AngelMartinez.Gonzalez，professor of preventive medicine at University of Navarra in Pamplona,Spam，and seniorauthor of the paper，published in the October issue of Archives of General Psychiatry.
?
“ne m醐曲帆L懈（细胞膜．of our nerve cell are composed of fat，so the quality of fat that you areeating definitely has all influence on the quality of the neuron membranes，and the body’s combination ofneurotrausmitters is dependent on the vitamins you’re eatin9.”Dr.Martinez.Gonzalez added． “We thinkthose least sticking to the Mediterranean dietary plan have a deficiency of essential nutrients.’’
The elements of the diet most closely linked to a lower risk of depression were fruits.nuts and
legumes，the study found.
Scientists have proved that a Mediterranean-style diet.
A．helps develop a healthy heart
B．results in a healthy mind
C．is popular among Spaniards
D．contains little fat
5、听录音,
点击播放
回答题
A． She used to be in poor health.
B． She was popular among boys.
C． She was somewhat overweight.
D． She didn't do well at high school.
6、Questions are based on the following passage.
When we talk about Americans barely into adulthood who are saddled with unbearable levels of debt, the conversation is almost always about student loan debt．But there's a growing body of evidence suggesting that today's young adults are als0 drowning in credit-card debt--and that many of them will take this debt to their graves.
More than 20% overspent their income by more than $100 every single month．Since they .haven't built up their credit histories yet, it's a safe bet that these young adults are paying relatively high interest rates on the resulting credit card debt.
Although many young people blame "socializing" as a barrier to saving money, most of them aren't knocking back $20 drinks in trendy (时尚的)lounges．They're struggling with much more daily financial demands.
To a disturbingly large extent, the young and the broke are relying on credit cards to make it until their next payday．This obviously isn't sustainable in the long run, and it's going to put a huge drag on their spending power even after they reach their peak earning years, because they'll still be paying interest on that bottle of orange juice or box of spaghetti (意式面条)they bought a decade earlier.
A new study out of Ohio State University found that young adults are accumulating credit card debt at a more rapid rate than other age groups, and that they're slower at paying it off． "If what we found continues to hold true, we may have more elderly people with substantial financial problems in the future," warns Lucia Dunn, professor of economics at Ohio State． "If our findings persist, we may be faced with a financial crisis among elderly people who can't pay off their credit cards."
Dunn says a lot of these young people are never going to get out from under their credit card debt."Many people are borrowing on credit cards so heavily that payoff rates at these levels are not sufficient to recover their credit card debt by the end of their life, which could have loss implications for the credit card issuing banks."
What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A．Many young Americans will never be able to pay off their debts.
B．Credit cards play .an increasingly important role in college life.
C．Credit cards are doing more haxm than student loans.
D．The American credit card system is under criticism.
7、
According to Joseph Walther, it is unwise to emphasize the treatment of Internet addiction instead of seeking for potential clinical issues.
填空题
8、听音频,回答题
What does it mean to obey the law? That（26）_____ where you are. Different cultures have very different views of obeying the law. In some cultures，law-abiding citizens try to keep the letter of the law. That is，whatever the law says，they do. In other cultures，good citizens live by the（27）_____ of the law. They see the law only as a general（28）_____. Often they obey the law only when someone official is looking. The situation in America fits into the first（29）_____. That doesn’t mean all Americans keep the law. But American culture teaches people to respect the law--even to the smallest detail.
Driving habits（30）_____ American respect for the law. A driver will usually stop for a red light, even when there are no other cars around. People treat the lines marking streets and roads as（31）_____ boundaries，not just decorations. Vehicles yield to those with the right of way--particularly pedestrians. Actually，though，drivers don’t always keep traffic rules. For example，many drivers（32）_____ freeway speed limits. But Americans generally drive with careful attention to the traffic rules.
Of course，not everyone in America abides by the law. Crime is a growing problem. For that reason，law enforcement officials will never（33）_____ a job. Police officers have their hands full trying to arrest lawbreakers. Detective agencies spend countless hours trying to（34）_____ unsolved crimes. Nevertheless, most Americans still like to believe that the law will（35）_____ catch the bad guys.
第(26)题__________
简答题
9、 美国人强调效率、竞争和独创性而中国人则将严谨规划放在首位，鼓励团队成员之间的密切合作和无私奉献。在美国学校，讨论享有至高无上的地位；而中国教师喜欢讲课，喜欢考试，编写千篇一律的标准教案，培养整齐划一的高才生。现在，中美联系比以往更加紧密。中国人学英语、玩保龄球、吃肯德基，美国人学汉语、练功夫、吃北京烤鸭。
10、 Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay.You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture andthen express your views on the importance of learning basic skills. Youshould write at least 120 words but no rnore than 180 words.
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