成人高考英语同义词解析(三)
conversation chat dialogue discussion talk
都含“交谈”的意思。
conversation 指“无拘束或非正式的谈话”, 如:We had a long telephone conversation.我们通过电话作了长时间的交谈。 chat 指“闲谈”、“聊天”, 如:We need less chat and more work if we're to finish this job today. 如果我们打算今天完成这件工作的话, 那就要少聊天、多工作。dialogue 指“双方对话或戏剧的对白”, 如:The dialogue remained light and friendly. 谈话一直保持轻松愉快和友好的气氛。discussion 指“讨论”、“商议”, 如:I had a long discussion with my friends about the matter. 这件事我跟朋友们商讨了很久。talk 指“非正式的讲话”, 用于较随便的场合, 如:I met Mrs. Janes at the shop and had a long talk with her. 我在商店遇见了琼斯夫人, 同她谈了很长时间。
crowd throng swarm
都含“一群”、“众多”的意思。
crowd指“无秩序地聚集在一起的一大群人”, 如:
A crowd of people were waiting in front of the gate.
一大群人在门前等着。
throng指“蜂拥行进的人群”, 它不及crowd 口语化, 如:
throngs of celebrators at Times Square
在时代广场举行庆祝活动的人群。
swarm 指“一大群杂乱无章移动的人”, 如:
a swarm of sightseers
一大群观光者。
cut across
取捷径;走近路
超越
cut back
剪枝;修剪
减少;缩小;削减
to cut back on industrial production
缩减工业生产
cut down
砍倒;砍伤;砍死
to cut down a tree with an axe
用斧头把树砍倒
减少;减低
to cut down on smoking
减少抽烟
损害…健康;使残废;(疾病)杀害
cut in
插嘴
Don't cut in while I'm talking.
我说话时别插嘴。
超车抢挡;(突然)插入
to cut in on a queue
加塞儿
cut out
剪除;切掉;割掉
to cut out a dress
裁剪衣服
停止;放弃
to cut out smoking
戒烟
cut up
切碎
使受苦
Jean was really cut up when her husband left her.
在丈夫抛弃她之后,简痛苦极了。
damage destroy ruin
都含“破坏”、“毁坏”的意思。
damage 指“价值、用途降低或外表损坏等, 不一定全部破坏, 损坏了还可以修复”, 如:
The heavy rain damaged many houses.
大雨毁坏了许多房子。
destroy 指“彻底毁坏以至不能或很难修复”, 如:
That town was destroyed in a big fire.
那个城镇在一场大火中被毁了。
ruin现在多用于借喻中, 泛指一般的“弄坏了”, 如:
He knocked over a bottle of ink and ruined the table cloth.
他打翻了一瓶墨水把桌布弄脏了。
danger peril hazard risk
都含“危险”的意思。
danger系常用词, 指“目前的危险, 也可指今后的或不一定发生的危险”, 如:
The patient was out of danger.
病人已经脱离危险了。
peril语气比danger强, 指“接近更严重的危险”, 如:
He is in peril of his life.
他命在旦夕。
danger 是个通用词,其“危险”的含义可强可弱,可大可小,risk 亦然,其不同于 danger 之处仅在于:risk 还包含着“知道危险的存在”的意思,所以它可汉译为“冒险”,另外,danger 只用作名词,而 risk 既可用作名词,也可用作动词。用作名词的 risk 的常用搭配为 take (run) the risk of doing…
hazard 指“变幻莫测、无法控制的危险”, 带有“碰运气”的意思, 如:
He had a life full of hazard.
他一生充满了冒险。
risk 指“风险”, 含有“主动冒险”的意思, 如:
He rescued a child at the risk of his own life.
他冒着生命危险把那个孩子救出来了。
decide determine resolve
都有“决定”的意思。
decide 指“经过询问、研讨和考虑之后, 在几种可能的选择之中作出决定”, 如:
She decided to leave here on Sunday instead of Monday.
她决定星期日而不是星期一离开这里。
determine指“决心作某一件事而不动摇”, 如:
We have determined to get the work done ahead of schedule.
我们已经决定要提前完成这项工作。
resolve指“打定主意做某事或不做某事”, 如:
I resolve to study English.
我决定学英语。
decide,determine这两个词都有“决定”的意思。
decide的含义是“不再迟疑不定”,而determine含义是把某件事确定下来。
to decide to give a dinner party (决定设一次宴会,此语的内涵是:关于设宴会一事不再迟疑了
to determine the guests to be invited (确定要邀请的客人),此语的内涵意思是:要请哪些人而不请那些人。
在be determined to do…这个固定的结构中,过去分词determined的词义为“下定了决心”。decide的名词为decision,determine的名词为determination.
At first,she decided to go to the police,…
起初,她决定去找警察……
On the last day I made a big decision.
在后一天我作了一个重大的决定。
注:decide后跟宾语从句时,其含义有时是“断定”。
I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.
我断定我一定是在某处拐错弯了。
I have been offered a large sum of money to go away,but I am determined to stay here.
给我提供了一大笔搬迁费,可是我决心留在这个地方。
The size of your feet determines the size of your shoes.
你的脚的大小决定了鞋的尺码。
The determination of the meaning of a word is often difficult without a context.
脱离上下文来确定一个词的含义常常是困难的。
注:在determine to do…, determine on (upon)…和determine…,(宾词从句)三个搭配中,determine的词义和decide几乎没有多大差异
He determined to learn medicine. (He decided to learn medicine.)
他决定学医。
We determined on an early start.(We determined to start early.)
我们决定早动身。
Have you determined where you are going to spend your holidays? (Have you decided where you are going to spend your holidays?)
你有没有决定到哪里去度假?
注:decide 某人to do 某事:“决定使某人做某事”
What decided you to give up your job?
什么因素使你决定放弃你的工作?
decrease dwindle diminish reduce
都含“减少”的意思。
decrease 指“渐渐地减少”, 如:
His temperature decreases.
他的烧退了。
dwindle 同decrease 一样, 也是“逐渐地减少”, 但经常指“减少到无或消耗到完为止”, 如:
My savings have dwindled.
我的积蓄减少了。
diminish 指“形状缩小, 数量减少”, 特指“看得出来的缩小或减少”, 如:
diminish the revenue by reducing tax
用减税而使国家的收入减少。
reduce 指“人为地减少、降低”, 如:
reduce speed
减速。
decrease,lessen,diminish,reduce,abate,dwindle这组动词的一般含义为“减少”。
decrease 和lessen比较普通,如果用词不讲究,可以代替这组词中任何其他词。decrease (名词亦为decrease,但重音在个音节上)强调数目或使人不快之物的逐渐减少。
如:to decrease the number of working hours,to decrease traffic accidents.
The workmen want to decrease the number of working hours and increase pay.
工人要求减少工作时间而增加工资。
lessen 可以表示数量或程度的减少。
如: to lessen hazard,to lessen anxiety等等。
Light lessens as evening comes on.
随着黄昏的来临,光线逐渐变弱。
diminish 表示减少损失。
如: to diminish research endownments
However,my enthusiasm waned.The time I spent at exercises gradually diminished.
然而,我的热情减退了。我在做操上花的时间逐渐减少了。
reduce 可以表示尺寸、数量、程度或强度的减少,词义引伸之后,可以表示地位、处境、状况的降低。如:to reduce the speed,to reduce household expense,to be reduced to tears,to be reduced to ashes.
This greatly reduced the speed of the ship ,for there was danger that if she travelled too quickly,this rudder would be torn away.
这大大减低了船速,因为如果它走得太快,这个舵会有被冲掉的危险。
reduce 的名词为reduction,abate 的名词为abatement,dwindle的名词为dwindlement.
abate 表示减少时其内涵是使过分或过量的事物得到缓和。
如: to abate taxes,to abate imports.
The doctor gave him some medicine to abate the powerful pain.
医生给了他某种药,以减弱那剧烈的疼痛。
This is a pity,because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science.
这是件憾事,因为减少噪音实在是一项美好的事业;如果把它与贫乏的科学知识搅在一起, 那么这种美好的事业有可能使人生疑。
dwindle 特别适用表示“眼看着逐渐缩小”或“渐渐趋于消失”。例如透视原理上的近大远小,即逐渐远离观察者的物体变得似乎越来越小,终完全消失。
A thin thread of path dwindled and finally disappeared as it climbed the steep slope of the down.
一条小径越远显得越细,在爬上土丘的陡坡时终于消失了。
act action
与deed 均含有“动作或行为”的意思。
act 强调动作的结果, 指单一的和个人的动作, 适用于个人力量可以完成的事, 一般属暂时性的, 如:
It is an act of kindness to help a blind man across the street.
帮助盲人过街是慈善的行为。
action 强调动作的方式和历程, 而且指比较复杂的动作, 需要较长时间才能完成的事, 如:
While a ship is in distress, rescuing passengers from danger is a heroic action.
当船遇险时, 营救乘客脱离危险是一种英勇的行为。
还应注意在机械和物理用语中, 不能用 act, 要用action, 如:
the action of heat
热的作用;
反之, 在an act of kindness 一语中, 若改为 an action of kindness也是错误的。
deed 如同 act, 强调行为的结果和单一性, 但deed 指较为庄重的、显著的、伟大的和感人的行为, 而且含有性, 如:
He is a good leader in deed as well as in name.
他是一位名副其实的好领袖。
defeat conquer overcome
都含“战胜”、“击败”的意思。
defeat 指“赢得胜利”, 尤其指“军事上的胜利”, 如:
defeat the enemy
打败敌人。
conquer指“征服”、“战胜”,特别指“获得对人、物或感情的控制”,如:
conquer nature
征服自然。
overcome指“战胜”、“压倒”、“克服”尤指“感情”而言, 如:
overcome difficulties
克服困难。
defeat,beat,conquer这组动词的一般含义是“打败”。
defeat 的含义是“打败”,但被打败者不一定服输:
The public bet a lot of money on Mendoza,but he was defeated.
公众为门杜萨下了一大笔赌注,但是他被击败了。
beat 则表示彻底“打败”,而且被打败者完全服输了。
It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and become Champion of England.
直到1790年第三次比赛时,他才后打败汉弗莱斯,而成为英国的冠军。
conquer 更可强调“把对方征服”,而且被征服者或被征服的国家为征服者所有,可以任意支配。
Some countries may be defeated but can never be conquered.
有的国家可能被打败,但决不能被征服。
defend guard protect shield preserve
都含“保护”、“使安全”的意思。
defend指“保卫”、“防御”, 应用范围很广, 对象可以是具体的, 也可以是抽象的, 如:
defend oneself against enemy
防御敌人。
guard 指“注意观察、戒备, 以免受可能的攻击或伤害”, 如:
guard a coastline
守卫海岸线。
protect 指“保护……以免遭受危险或伤害等”, 如:
protect the children from harm
保护儿童免受伤害。
shield 指“保护、保卫……免受惩罚或伤害等”, 如:
shield one's eyes against the glare of the sun
保护眼睛不受强烈的阳光伤害。
preserve 指“防护、保存……免被分解或腐烂”, 如:
Salt preserves food from decay.
盐能防止食物腐烂。
delay defer postpone put off
均含“推迟”、“延期”、“延缓”的意思。
delay 指“暂时阻挠或阻挡, 稍后可再继续进行”, 如:
The steamer was delayed by bad weather.
汽轮因天气不佳而延期。
defer指“决定延期至适当时期, 而且有意向将来一定继续作”, 如:
Payment has been deferred until next week.
付款已延期到下星期。
postpone是正式用语, 语义较强, 指“有意识地延至将来某一特定时间”, 在多数情况下, 后面说明改在何时进行, 如:
The meeting has been postponed to Friday.
会议推迟到星期五举行。
put off与postpone大致同义, 但较通俗口语化, 如:
Let's put this off till some other time.
我们还是把这搁一搁, 以后再说吧。
rely depend
都含“信赖”的意思。
rely 指“在过去经验的基础上, 依赖、相信某人或某事物, 希望从中得到支持或帮助”, 如:
He can be -lied on to keep secret.
相信他能保密。
depend 指“出于信赖而依靠他人或他物, 以取得其支持或帮助, 这种信赖可能有过去的经验或了解为根据, 也可能没有”, 如:
He can depend on his wife for sympathy.
他相信妻子会同情他。
abandon desert forsake quit
都含有“放弃”、“遗弃”的意思。
abandon 强调“完全、永远地遗弃”, 尤其是指遗弃以前感兴趣或负有责任的人或物, 如:
She abandoned her child.
她遗弃了她的孩子。
desert 强调“违背誓言、命令、责任、义务等”, 如:
The soldier deserted his country and helped the enemy.
那个士兵叛国助敌。
forsake 指“遗弃某人以前所爱的人或物”, 强调“断绝情感上的依恋”, 如:
She pleaded with her husband not to forsake her.
她恳求丈夫不要抛弃她。
quit 强调“突然或不意地弃去”, 常指“停止”, 如:
She quitted her job.
她放弃了自己的工作。
devote dedicate consecrate
都含“贡献” 、“献身”的意思。
devote 指 “决心将全部身心、活动、精力等献出”, 如:
devote one's life to a cause
把生命献给事业。
dedicate 系正式用语, 指“庄重地奉献给神”或“为神圣目的而贡献”, 如:
They dedicated the temple.
他们献出庙宇。
consecrate 系正式用语, 指“通过宗教仪式确定将某物用于神圣用途”, 如:
The new church was consecrated by the Bishop.
新教堂的奉献仪式由主教主持。
expand swell distend dilate
都含“扩大”、“增加”的意思。
expand 侧重指“上下、左右、前后的面或体的伸展”, 如:
Irons expands when it is heated.
铁加热时就膨胀。
swell 强调“由于内在的压力或外加某物而使增高或加大至超过正常情况”, 如:
His injured wrist began to swell.
他那受伤的手腕开始肿了。
distend指“由于内部压力而引起膨胀”, 如:
The balloon was distended.
气球已膨胀。
dilate指“加宽或增大”, 尤指“加宽或延伸园形物”, 如:
He looked at it with dilated eyes.
他睁大了眼睛看它。
distribute dispense divide allocate
都含“分配”的意思。
distribute指“将某物分成一定的部分或数量, 通常各份的数量不一定相等, 然后分给某些人或地方”, 如:
distribute leaflets
分发传单。
dispense指“分配给一群人中每个人应得的份”, 如:
They dispensed new clothes to the children in the orphanage.
他们把新衣服发给孤儿院的小孩们。
divide指“把整体分为若干部分”, 如:
divide it into two
把它分成两份。
allocate指“分配一定数量的财物或任务给某些人、单位或事业等”, 如:
We've allocated a sum of money to education.
我们已经拨出了一笔教育经费。
duty obligation responsibility
都含“职责”、“责任”的意思。
duty指“道义上的责任”, 较强调“自觉性”, 如:
Every citizen has the duty to construct his country.
每个公民都有建设祖国的责任。
obligation指“按照法律、合同、诺言等的要求, 应尽的义务”, 如:
You're under obligation to care her.
你有义务照顾她。
responsibility 指“由于法律、职业或道德等的要求而应尽的责任”, 含有“法津上对后果负责任”的意味, 如:
The resposibility rests on us.
这由我们负责。
tendency trend drift
都含“倾向”、“趋势”的意思。
tendency 指“向某一方向移动或在确定的趋向中行动”, 如:
show a tendency to improve
显示改善的倾向。
trend 指“总的趋向或倾向”, 如:
a recent trend in literature
文学的近倾向。
drift 指“事情进行的趋势或动向”, 如:
The drift of opinion was against war.
舆论的趋势是反对战争。
melt dissolve liquefy thaw
都含“熔化”、“溶解”的意思。
melt 指“通过加热把物质由固态变为液态”, 如:
Glass melts at high temperature.
玻璃在高温下熔化。
dissolve指“溶解”, 如:
dissolve sugar in water
把糖溶解在水中。
liquefy指“液化”, 即“把固体、气体变为液体”, 如:
Butter liquefies in heat.
奶油加热便溶解。
thaw指“通过加热把冰雪等冻凝的物体变为液体或半液体”, 如:
The ice has thawed.
冰已解冻。
discover,reveal,disclose在一起比较一般的含义是“揭示出来”。
discover 是通用词,在表示“发现”的时候,它的内涵是被探索或被揭示物老早就客观存在着
Despite her great age,she was very graceful indeed, but so far ,the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.
尽管她年代离开现在已经很久远了,但是她的确很有风姿,然而至今考古学家尚不能探索出她是那尊女神。
Alf's wife has never discovered that she married a dustman.
阿尔夫的妻子从未发现自己嫁了一个清洁工。
reveal 在表示“揭示”的时候,它的内涵是通过或好象通过拉开帷幕把某物展现出来
In spite of this, many people are confident that 'The Revealer'may reveal something of value fairly soon.
尽管如此,许多人相信,这架探测器不久便会探出有价值的东西来。
The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell.
这出戏的后一场的帷幕升起来了,展现在观众面前的是那位贵族,他孤独地坐在铁栏后的那间黑暗的号房里。
She reveals her even teeth whenever she smiles.
每当她微笑时,她那整齐的牙齿便被展现出来。
disclose 表示把未宣布的事情“透露”出来
She disclosed that she had been married for a month.
她透露自己已经结婚一个月了。