翻译解题技巧

翻译部分是03年增加的题型。放在试卷的后，共有10个小题，考试时间30分钟。翻译试题由两部分组成。部分为英译汉，要求考生把阅读理解文章中划线的五个句子译成中文。第二部分为汉译英，要求考生把五个难度适中的中文句子译成英文。英译汉和汉译英的句子难度均低于课文的英语文章。评分标准要求译文达意，无重大语言错误。翻译部分的目的是测试学生词汇、语法、句型方面综合运用语言的能力。

这一部分谈两个问题：一是应试技巧；二是实例分析。

部分为英译汉

一、英译汉应试技巧

英译汉是运用汉语把英语所表达的思想准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。在英译汉的过程中,有两点值得我们特别地注意：

1、汉语所要表达的是英语原文的内容，即句子或文章的意义，而不是句子结构；

2、在翻译过程中，英语原文的内容要准确而完整地重新表达出来，而不是将两种语言结构进行简单的转换。

英译汉的过程包括理解，分析句架表达和校核三个阶段,因此，在英译汉的过程中，往往需要考生从英语到汉语，再从汉语到英语反复的推敲。

（一）理解

理解阶段的目的在于读懂英语原文, 弄清原文的意思。为了透彻理解原文, 建议考生在复习和应试时采取下列步骤:

1、通读全文。通读全文的目的在于从整体上把握整篇文章的内容，理解划线的部分与文章其他部分之间的语法与逻辑关系。在段落中要搞清划线的句子和其他句子之间的关系,因为孤立地阅读划线部分的英语，往往无法理解该部分的真正含义。一篇好的文章,其前后的意思都互相关联,具有很强的逻辑性,一个单词或句子只有在具体的上下文中才能体现出确切的含义来,因此,上下文能帮助我们正确的理解划线的部分, 通读全文是很重要的。但是,在通读全文的过程中应该注意，对非划线的部分不要花费时间过多，对于其中一些不太容易理解的内容也不必太在意，只是搞清大体意义即可。因为通读全文的目的在于帮助自己理解划线的部分,只要能把该部分理解透彻也就足够了。

2、分析划线部分的句子结构。从一般的翻译试题来看，划线的部分一般来说结构句子都比较复杂。复杂的句子如果不搞清楚它的语法结构,很难达到正确完整地理解原文的要求。因此正确地把握句子的结构是进行正确地翻译的关键。

3、理解分析划线部分的含义。考生不仅要弄清句子中所有实词和虚词的词汇意义, 还要理解全句的整体意义。理解句子的依据除了句子本身之外,还有该句子所处的具体的语言环境。在此阶段应清楚下列问题：

（1）句子中是否含有代词和其他具有指代意义的词,如果有,应根据上下文确定它们指代的内容是什么;

（2）句子中的短语和一些常用的词往往具有多种含义和用法,那么,在该句中它们的具体含义是什么;

（3）按照你的理解, 该部分的意义是否与全篇文章的内容一致, 有无相互矛盾。

总之,在动手翻译之前,首先要读懂原文,不要一上来就急于动手翻译,这样做往往会出现一种情况:该题快要翻译完了,猛然又发现自己理解有误,马上就急忙修改,搞的卷面上一塌糊涂,而且很容易忙中出错, 把本应拿到的分数丢掉了,这是非常令人可惜的。

（二）表达

表达就是译者把自己从英语原文理解的内容用汉语表达出来,理解是表达的基础，表达是理解的结果，但是理解正确并不意味着一定会有正确的表达，平时做翻译练习时有同学反映，有时对原文理解之后还不知如何用汉语表达，就充分说明了这一点。这里介绍两种基本的翻译方法:直译和意译。

1、直译。所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式。在汉语和英语两种语言中存在着许多共同之处，在对于许多英语句子的翻译过程中,完全可以采取直译的方法,这样可以获得一举两得之功效, 既保持了原文的结构,又正确表达了原文的内容。但是直译不是死译和硬译,象“It is asserted that…;It is believed that…”这一类的结构, 如果直译过来那就不伦不类了。

2、意译。汉语和英语分别属于不同的语系,两者在词汇、句法结构和表达方法上具有很多的差异。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不易采用直译的方法处理时, 就应采用意译法,意译就是不拘泥于原文的形式,重点在于正确表达原文的内容。例如:“Do you see any green in my eye?”象这样的句子,只能采取意译的方法,把它翻译为“你以为我是好欺骗的吗?”当然,意译并不等于乱译,胡乱地翻译是不符合“忠实”的翻译标准的。

在具体的翻译过程中,我们应该采取灵活的方法,不论是直译还是意译,只要是符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译原则,都是可取的。在翻译的过程中,我们务必注意以下几点:

A、理解透彻之后再动手表达, 否则表达的结果会令人莫名其妙;

B、切忌在翻译时把汉语和英语对号入座, 逐字逐句的对号入座的结果往往是不伦不类;

C、切忌擅自增减词意, 增减意义与翻译技巧中经常提到的增词法与减词法根本就不是一回事。

（三）校 核

校核阶段是理解与表达的进一步深化,是对原文内容进一步核实以及对译文语言进一步推敲的阶段,因此,校核是翻译过程中一个很重要的阶段,并不是可有可无的,通过表达之后的校核,我们可以发现译文的一些问题,确保自己理解的内容很有把握地得到分数。在校核阶段,一般应注意与下列各项有关的问题(1)人名、地名、日期、方位和数字等;(2)汉语译文的词与句有无错漏;(3)修改译文中译错或表达不够准确的句子、词组或词汇;(4)有无错别字;(5)标点符号是否有误。

二：英译汉实例分析

The Olympic Games are the greatest festival of sports in the world.

1) Every four years, a hundred or more countries send their best sportsmen to compete for the highest honors in sport. As many as 6,000 people take part in over 20 sports. For the winners, there are gold medals and glory. But there is honor, too, for all who compete, win or lose. That is in spirit of the Olympics--- to take part is what matters.

The Olympic Games always start in a bright color and action. The teams of all the nations parade in the opening ceremony and march round the track. The custom is for the Greek team to march in first . For it was in Greece that the Olympics began.

2) The team of the country where the Games are being held---the host country ----marches in last. The runner with the Olympic torch then enters the stadium and lights the flame.

3) A sportsman from the host country takes the Olympic oath on behalf of all the competitors. The judges and officials also take an oath. After the sportsmen march out of the stadium, the host country puts on a wonderful display.

The competitors begin the next day. There are usually more than twenty sports in the Games. The rule is that there must be at least fifteen. The main events are in track and field , but it is a few days before these sports start. Each day the competitors take part in a different sport ---riding, shooting, swimming, and cross-country running. Points are gained for each event.

4) Medals are awarded for the individual winners and for national teams.

5) More and more women are taking part in the games. They first competed in 1900, in tennis and golf, which are no longer held in the Olympics. Women’s swimming events were introduced in 1912. But it was not until 1928 that there were any track and field events for women. Now they compete in all but half a dozen of the sports. In horse riding, shooting, and boat racing, they may compete in the same events as the men.

6) Every land has its own dining custom, and the United States is no exception. Americans feel that the first rule of being a polite guest is to be on time. If a person is invited to dinner at 6;30,the hostess expects him to be there at 6:30 or not more than a few minutes after. Because she usually does her own cooking , she times the meal so that the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time she asks the guest to come.

7) If he is late, the food will not be so good, and the hostess will be disappointed. When the guest cannot come on time, he calls his host or hostess on the telephone, gives the reason, and tells at what time he thinks he can come.

As guests continue to arrive, the men in the group stand when a woman enters and remain standing until she has found a chair. A man always rises when he is being introduced to a woman.

8) A woman does not rise when she is being introduced either to a man or a woman unless the woman is much older.

9） When the guests sit down at a dinner table, it is customary for the men to help the ladies by pushing their chairs under them. Even an American may be confused by the number of knives, forks, and spoons beside his plate when he sits down to a formal dinner. The rule is simple, however: use them in the order in which they lie, beginning from the outside. Or watch the hostess and do what she does.

10)The small fork on the outside on the left is for salad, which is often served with the soup. The spoon on the outside at the right is for soup, and so on. Sometimes there is a separate little knife, called a butter spreader, on a small bread-and –butter plate at the left. As the bread is passed , each guest puts his piece on the bread-and butter plate.