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46、 （　）A primary nurse can propose aDifferent approach of treatment when_________．
A．the present one is refused by the patient
B．the patient complains about the present one
C．the present one proves to be ineffective
D．the patient is found unwilling to cooperate


47、 ( )The mainDifference between a nurse—manager and a head nurse is that the former
A．is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
B．has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nurses
C．can makeDecisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
D．has full responsibility in the administration of the unit’s nurses



48、根据下列材料回答48-67 题。
　　For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn toDothings because certain acts lead to“rewards”；and there is no reason toDoubt that this is true．But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards，at least in the early stages，had tobeDirectly related to such basic physiological“drives”as thirst or hunger．In other words，ababy would learn if he got food orDrink or some sort of physical comfort，not otherwise．
　　It is now clear that this is not so．Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome．
　　Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to“reward” the babies and soteach them to carty out some simple movements，such as turning the head to one side or theother．Then he noticed that a ba]by who had had enough to Drink would refuse the milk butwould still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure．So he began to studythe children’s responses in situations where no milk Was provided．He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on”aDisplay of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complextul"11s to bring about this result．For instance，two left or two right，or even to make aus many asthree turns to one side．
　　Papousek’s light Display Was placedDirectly in front of the babies and he made the inter-esting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely althoughthev would“smile and bubble”when theDisplay came on．Papousek concluded that it was notprimarily the sight of the lights which pleased them，it Was the Success they were achieving insolving the problem，in mastering the skin，and that there exists a fundamental human urge tomake sense of the world and bring it under intentional control．
（　）According to the author, babies learn toDo things which__________．
A．areDirectly related to pleasure
B．will meet their physical needs
C．will bring them a feeling of Success
D．will satisfy their curiosity


49、 （　）Papusek noticed in his studies that baby_________．
A．would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B．would carry out learned movements when it had enough toDrink
C．would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D．would turn its head to right or left when it had enough toDrink


50、 （　）In Papusek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _________.
A．have the lights turned on
B．be rewarded with milk
C．please their parents
D．be praised


51、 （　）The babies would“smile and bubble”at the lights because_________．
A．the lights wereDirectly related to some basic“drives”
B．the sight of the lights Was interesting
C．they need not turn back to watch the lights
D．they succeeded in“switching on”the lights



52、根据下列材料回答52-71 题。
　　Auctions(拍卖)are public sales of goods，conducted by an officially approved auctioneer．He asks the crowd assembled in the auction loom to make offers，or“bids”，for the variousitems on sale．He encourages buyers to bid higher figures，and finally names the highest bidderas the buyer of goods．This is called“knockingDown”the goods，for the bidding ends when theauctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands，This is often set on a raisedplatform called a rostrum．
　　The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction，and the English word comes fromthe Latin auction，meaning“increase”．The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken inWalt"：these sales were called“subusta”，meaning“under the spear”，a spear being stuck in theground a8 a signal for a crowd to gather．In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods wereoften sold'by the candle'，a short candle was lit by the auctioneer；and bids could be made whileit stayed alight．
　　An auction is usuallv advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be soldand where and when they can be viewed by possible buyers．If the advertisement cannot givefullDetails．catalogues are printed，and each group of goods to be sold together，called a“lot”，is usually given a number．The auctioneer need not begin with lot l and continue in numericalorder；he may wait until he registers the fact that certain Dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in．The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for．The auctioneer therefore has a Directinterest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible．
　　Practicaly all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction．Among these are coffee，hi-der，skins，wool，tea，cocoa，furs，spices，fruit and vegetables and wines．Auction sales are alsousual for land and property，antique，furniture，pictures，rare books，old china，and similar works of art．The auction-rooms at Christie’s and Sotheby’S in London and New York are world famous．
（　）Auctioned goods are sold_________．
A．at a price less than their true value
B．very cheaply
C．for the highest price offered
D．only at fixed prices


53、 （　）The Romans used to sell by auction_________．
A．spoilt goods
B．property taken from the enemy
C．old worn-out weapons
D．spears


54、 （　）The end of the bidding is called“knockingDown” because_________．
A．the auctioneer knocks the buyer Down
B．the auctioneer knocks the rostrum Down
C．the goods are knocked Down on to the table
D．the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer


55、 （　）A candle used to burn at auction sales_________．
A．to keep the auctioneer warln
B．to limit the time when offers could be made
C．because they took place at night
D．as a signal for the crowd together