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　　6. English ________ in a new way at my college in the past few years.

　　A. has been teaching B. was being taught

　　C. has been taught D. had been taught

　　in the past few years 近几年。现在完成时

　　答案 C

　　7. All the machines _______ next month.

　　A. will be repaired B. will repair

　　C. will have repaired D. will have repair

　　被动语态必不可少的时系动词be

　　答案 A

　　8. The rooms were then empty and most of them _______.

　　A. have shut up B. had shut up

　　C. have been shut up D. had been shut up

　　答案 D

　　9. When they had finished playing， the children were made _______ all the toys they had taken out.

　　A. put away B. to put away

　　C. putting away D. be put away

　　put away 将某物收起来，放入箱子或抽屉

　　答案 B

　　分析句子首先要判断主语能不能发出谓语的动作，如果不能发出动作，就选择被动语态，然后再考虑不同的时态。

　　五、情态动词

　　情态动词有can， could， may， might， must， should， ought to， need， dare， had better， would rather 等。情态动词相当于助动词，不能单独使用，必须再接动词原型。ought to 整个相当于情态动词，否定是在情态动词后加not，但是ought to的否定是ought not to.

　　1.can， could

　　表示能力、允许、客观可能性。

　　She is only four， but she can read.

　　Is there anything that I can do for you？

　　This sort of thing can't go on.

　　I couldn't follow her speech.

　　Could you lend me your bike？

　　Fire can't destroy gold.真金不怕火练

　　2.may， might

　　表示允许、猜测。

　　The dialect of one province may be quite different from that of the next one.

　　Students may not stay out after midnight without written permission.（stay out 在外边待的很晚）

　　He asked his mother if he might go out to play.

　　“May I open the window？” “Yes， please./ Please don't./ No， you mustn't.” （may 如果要否定用mustn't，could和might用在现在时表委婉的说法）

　　3.must

　　表示“肯定”、“准是”，还可以表示“必须”，与have to 意思接近，但must 侧重说明主观看法，have to 强调客观需要。must时主观表达方式，have to是客观表达方式。mustn't 表示“千万不要”、“一定不要”。

　　If you must go， at least you wait till the rain is over.

　　Teachers always tell us we must do everything step by step.

　　——Must I go tomorrow？

　　——No， you needn't.（Yes， I'm afraid so. must一般疑问句的否定用needn't来回答）

　　He has to tidy up the room everyday.（tidy up 打扫干净）

　　（He must tidy up the room everyday.）

　　We have to study a foreign language.

　　You mustn't talk like that to your parents.

　　4.ought to ， should

　　表示应该做的事和非常可能的事。

　　You ought to go to see a doctor for you don't look well.

　　You shouldn't talk like that.

　　The old man said you ought to tell the police.

　　You oughtn't to smoke so much everyday.

　　The work ought to be finished by next Friday.

　　The book should be available in the bookstore. （available 可得到的）

　　5.need

　　表示“需要”。need可以当情态动词，也可以做实义动词。

　　Need I come？-Yes， you must.（No， you needn't）

　　All you need do is to say yes to his questions.

　　He said he needn't hurry.

　　need 还可以作实义动词，后面接动名词时相当于被动结构。

　　You don't need to stay.（=You needn't say. ）

　　Does he need to know it？（= Need he know it？）

　　needs/ wants/ requires +doing相当于被动语态。

　　The question needs/ wants/ requires discussing.（=needs to be discussed.）

　　My shoes need repairing.（My shoes need to be repaired.）

　　物作主语时need接doing表被动。

　　6.dare

　　表示“敢”，也可以作实义动词，主要用于否定句、疑问句。

　　The boss is so hot-tempered that no one dare tell him the bad news.（so……that 如此……以至于）

　　Who dare stop you？

　　He doesn't dare to look out of the window.

　　情态动词没有人称性数的变化，有人称性数变化的一定是实义动词。

　　She dare not say what she thinks.（=She doesn't dare to say what she thinks.）

　　7.had better

　　表示“”。否定为 had better not

　　I had better not disturb him.

　　We had better go and see the doctor now.

　　8.would rather

　　表示“宁愿”，后面接从句时，从句的谓语用一般过去时。否定用would rather not.

　　I'd rather not say anything.

　　John would rather work in a company than in a factory.

　　She would rather have the small oranges than the large ones.

　　I would rather you came tomorrow.

　　（would sooner 迟早，后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，一般过去时。）

　　I would sooner she left the heavy end of the work to someone else.

　　有些情态动词，如can， could， may， might， must， ought to， should 后面可以接动词的完成形式，表示对已经发生的事的猜测或对应该发生的事的看法。

　　They shouldn't have left so soon.

　　They must have been through a lot.

　　I needn't have told them that.

　　He can't have left for Shanghai for I saw him a moment ago.

　　How could you have forgotten such an important thing？

　　They must have arrived by now.

　　You oughtn't to have done that.

　　She looks so miserable. You oughtn't to have hurt her feelings.

　　“I was late yesterday because my car broke down. ”（broke的原型是break，这里表抛锚的意思） “You should have borrowed mine. I wasn't using it. ”

　　情态动词部分除了应了解每个词的具体含义之外，情态动词的否定是在后面加not.特别要注意had bette和would rather的否定。ought to的否定是ought not to.would rather后面接句子只能用一般过去时。can、could、may、might、must、ought to、should后接动词完成式表示对过去事情的猜测。

　　“may/might + 现在完成时”表示“也许已经……了”；

　　“must + 现在完成时”表示“肯定……了”；

　　“can / could + 现在完成时”表示“本来是能够……的（实际上未）”；

　　“should/ought to + 现在完成时”表示“本应该……（实际上未）”。

　　1.That was in March. You may / might have read about it in the newspapers.

　　2.The house is dark； the Browns _______ to bed.

　　A. may go B. should go C. should have gone D. must have gone

　　（答案 D）

　　3.Her husband could have helped her， but he chose not to.（choose）

　　4.You _______ yesterday if you were really serious about the job.

　　A.ought to come B. ought come C. ought to have come D. ought have come

　　（答案 C serious 严肃的）

　　此外，考生还应注意need和dare这两个词，它除了是情态动词外，还可以是实义动词，在不同的情况下用法有差别

　　1.To travel from England to Scotland you _______ a passport.

　　A. mustn't have B. haven't got C. don't need D. needn't

　　（情态动词后要接动词原型 答案 C）

　　2.The house needs ________， but they plan to wait until next spring to do it.

　　A. paint B. to paint C. painting D. be painted

　　（答案 C）

　　1. “Do you have to leave？”

　　“Sorry ， but I really _____.”

　　A. have B. had to C. do so D. must

　　答案 D

　　2. I want to go to the dentist， but you ________ with me.

　　A. needn't to go B. needn't go

　　C. don't need go D. need go

　　neen't为情态动词，后接动词原型

　　don't need为实义动词，后面接to

　　答案 B

　　3. “______ you pass me the salt？”

　　“Sure. Here you are .”

　　A. Might B. Must C. Could D. Need

　　答案 C

　　4. “I haven't felt well for a week.”

　　“You ______ see a doctor.”

　　A. have ought ot B. had better

　　C. should have to D. would rather

　　答案 B

　　5. “Doesn't Elaine want to see that movie？”

　　“Yes， but she says _______ go tonight.”

　　A. she'll rather not B. she'd rather not

　　C. she'd not rather D. she won't rather

　　would rather的否定词放在rather的后面，动词的前面。

　　答案 B

　　6. “Listen， Mary is singing in the next room.”

　　“That ______ be Mary. She's in hospital.”

　　A. may not B. shouldn't C. should have gone D. can't

　　答案 D

　　7. John ______ a restless person. He kept moving from country to country.

　　A. must be B. should go C. must have been D. must have gone

　　答案 C

　　8. I can't find Tom anywhere. I think he ____ to the library.

　　A. may go B. must go C. must have gone D. should have gone

　　should have gone 应该……而实际上没……

　　答案 C

　　9. “What's the matter with that picture on the wall？”

　　“It needs _________.”

　　A. straightening B. to be straightening C. straightened D. straighten

　　答案 A

　　10. “Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”

　　“He _________ an outstanding student.”

　　A. must be B. could be C. must have been D. should have been

　　对过去推测，情态动词后接现在完成时。

　　答案 C

　　11. The old lade needs ________ after her shock.

　　A. to comfort B. comforting C. to be comforted D. Both B and C

　　答案 D

　　六、非谓语动词

　　非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词。否定形式在前面加not.

　　（一）不定式：to +动词原形

　　简单句中如果已经有一个动词做谓语，那么再有一个动词就要在这个动词前加to做不定式。不定式在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语等。

　　To see is to believe.（眼见为实）

　　有时用it做形式主语，真正的主语放在句子后。

　　It only took us a year to finish the work.

　　Once you get into the habit of smoking， you'll find it extremely difficult to get out of it.（get into the habit 养成……习惯）

　　She likes to play basketball this afternoon.

　　The important thing is to save people.

　　Not to grasp firmly is not to grasp at all.（不定式的否定放在to的前面）

　　She was the first person to think of the idea. （think of 想起）

　　He is always the first to come and last to leave the office.

　　I have nothing to say on the problem.

　　They warned him not to let out the secret.（let out 泄露）

　　We are all happy to hear of the good news.

　　Let's hurry so as not to be late for the meeting. （so as to do sth. 以便为了做某事）

　　如果not不是放在to的前面，那么它不是否定不定式而是否定整个句子。

　　They didn't warn him to let out the secret.

　　They warn him not to let out the secret.

　　（一）不定式：to +动词原形

　　不定式在let， have， make （让， 使）， see， look at， notice， hear， listen to， feel 等后面作宾语补足语时to 应省略，在被动语态中to应保留。

　　The coach has the team practice hard every night in the past two years.

　　I saw a man come into the classroom and talk with the teacher.

　　Don't forget to have him come tonight.

　　We felt the house shake.

　　The house was felt to shake.

　　Someone was heard to come up the stairs.

　　在help 后， 不定式可以带to 也可以不带to.

　　Help me （to） get him to bed.

　　He help her lift the box.

　　He helped her to mount the bike.

　　She was helped to lift the box.

　　当不定式和其修饰的词有动宾关系时，动词如果是不及物动词，后面就要有必要加介词。

　　There is nothing to worry about.

　　Is this something to be ashamed of ？

　　I need a pen to write with.

　　Give me some paper to write on.

　　Let's find a room to put the things in.

　　2.不定式的逻辑主语

　　不定式前面可以加for 或of引导的短语作逻辑主语，说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，或不定式指的是谁的情况。

　　It is a great honor for us to be present at this party.

　　It will be a mistake for us not to help them.

　　It is hard for one to do a bit of good.

　　在某些形容词如kind， good， nice， wise， unwise， clever， silly， wrong， right， foolish， stupid， careless， considerate， rude， naughty， impolite等作表语时，用of引导短语。

　　It's kind of you to let me use your dictionary.

　　It's unwise of them to turn down the proposal.（turn down 拒绝）

　　It's very nice of you to attend our party tonight.

　　3.不定式的完成式、进行式、被动式

　　当不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，不定式要用完成式： to have +过去分词；当不定式的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生时，不定式要用进行时：to be+现在分词；当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式：to be+过去分词。完成式意味着不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前，如果是进行时意味着不定式的动作和谓语动作同时发生，当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。

　　I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

　　I meant to have told you about it， but I forgot to do so.

　　They seemed to be satisfied with the result.

　　This is the day not to be forgotten.

　　He wanted the letter to be typed at once.

　　They seem to be getting along quite well.

　　He pretended to be sleeping when his mother came in.

　　在有些结构中，不定式的逻辑主语虽然是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式仍用主动形式

　　We have a lot of work to do.

　　Give me something to eat.

　　They found the book hard to understand.

　　He has no one to take care of. （take care 照顾、照料）

　　没有什么人需要他照顾。

　　He has no one to take care of him.没有谁照顾他。

　　一个简单句同时出现两个动词时，在后面的动词前加to.使意动词和感观动词主动语态前不加to.不定式的完成式、进行式、被动式的概念。

　　不定式在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语（主要是目的状语）、宾语补足语。

　　1.“Where do you suggest going？”

　　“We promised _______ the children to the West Lake.”

　　A. taking B. to take C. taken D. took

　　（suggest doing sth.或suggest that +（should）动词原型）

　　（Where do you suggest that we should go？）\

　　（答案 B）

　　2.The city government must take action ________ the increasing population.

　　A. to control B. controlling C. controls D. controlled

　　（答案 A）

　　3.Pessimists warn us not _________ for pretty colors， since the car will come in gray.

　　A. ask B. asking C. to ask D. to be asked

　　（答案 C）

　　考生应特别注意在主动语态中，不定式在let， make ， have（使，让）， see， hear 等词后面作宾语补足语时，to 应省略，但在被动语态中to 应保留。

　　1.The workers asked the factory owner to let him go.

　　2.The children were made to repeat their parents' words for several times.

　　1. “I'm sorry. Were you speaking to me ？”

　　“Yes， I was. Would you please _________ in this room？”

　　A. not to smoke B. not smoke

　　C. no smoking D. no smoke

　　would you please+动词原型

　　答案 B

　　2. There was nothing they could do ______ calmly.

　　A. but wait B. only to wait

　　C. except waiting D. unless they waited

　　nothing they can do but do sth.

　　答案 A

　　3. Mr. Smith doesn't want _______ what to buy.

　　A. his wife tell him B. for his wife to tell him

　　C. his wife to tell him D. that his wife tells him

　　答案 C

　　4. Many parents allow their children _______ own decisions.

　　A. making their B. making the

　　C. to make their D. to make the

　　答案 C

　　5. “How can Mary get her money back？”

　　“I advised ______ to the manager.”

　　A. her speak B. her to speak

　　C. that she speaks D. a speech by her

　　答案 B

　　advise that+虚拟语气

　　I advise that she should speak to the manager.

　　6. “My brother says he won't help us.”

　　“Oh， perhaps I can persuade him _______.”

　　A. to help B. helping C. for helping D. that he helps

　　答案 A

　　7. Don't make him _______ it if he doesn't want to .

　　A. do B. to do C. doing D. that he do

　　答案 A

　　8. “Where are you going？”

　　“To help the neighbors _______ the dinner party.”

　　A. to get ready B. get ready for

　　C. getting ready for D. by getting ready

　　get ready for 为……准备

　　答案 B

　　9. “Can you ride a horse ？”

　　“No. I never had the chance ______.”

　　A. for learning B. for learning how

　　C. how to learn it D. to learn how

　　答案 D

　　10. I haven't got a chair _______.

　　A. to sit B. to sit on C. for me to sit D. for sitting

　　答案 B

　　11. The city government must take action _______ the increasing population.

　　A. to control B. controlling C. controls D. controlled

　　答案 A

　　12. “If John doesn't come to work on time， he may be fired.”

　　“Surely he isn't so foolish ______ not to realize that.”

　　A. as B. that C. and D. but

　　not so/ as…as

　　答案 A

　　13. I wanted to go on a holiday last December， but there were so many things ______.

　　A. for me to do B. for me to do them

　　C. that I need to do D. I needed doing

　　答案 A

　　14. John admitted that it was always difficult ________ .

　　A. for him to be on time B. for him being on time

　　C. to be on time for him D. being on time for him

　　不定式有逻辑主语的话要放在不定式的前面

　　答案 A

　　15. She hopes _______ something from the sale.

　　A. to get B. her to get C. getting D. she would be getting

　　对某人来说是for sb.

　　答案 A

　　16. _______ Mrs. Johnson on my way to the shops.

　　A. It happened me that I found B. It happened me that I met

　　C. I happened to find D. I happened to meet

　　happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事

　　答案 D

　　17. I'm not sure which restaurant ________ .

　　A. to eat B. eating at C. to eat at D. for eating

　　答案 A

　　18. “I need only three more plates for the barbecue.”野餐

　　“I wish I had more _____.”

　　A. for you to lend B. for leading you

　　C. that you could lend D. to lend you

　　lend 某人东西借给别人

　　borrow 从别人那里借东西

　　borrow sth. from sb. 从别人那里借

　　lend sb. sth.=lend sth. to sb.

　　答案 D

　　19. Tim sat near the fire _______ warm.（sit）

　　A. to get B. for to get C. for get D. for getting

　　答案 A

　　20. “Has Fred told anyone else about his dismissal？”

　　“Yes， he decided ________.”

　　A. not keeping secret B. not to keep it a secret

　　C. not to be kept secret D. not to keep it secretly

　　dismissal 撤职

　　secret做名词 秘密

　　secretly做副词 偷偷摸摸地

　　答案 B

　　21. He ordered the work ______.

　　A. started at once B. to start at once

　　C. to be started at once D. at once start

　　答案 C

　　22. “Mr. Wilson is expected back at noon.”

　　“Would you have him _____ me then ， please？”

　　A. call B. to call C. calling D. called

　　答案 A

　　（二）动名词：动词原形+ing （构成方法与现在分词相同）

　　1.动名词的用法

　　动名词在句子中可以作主语、表语、定语、宾语等。

　　Traveling abroad can be very exciting.（主语）

　　（主语是物用exciting，主语是人用excited.（I'm excited.））

　　Seeing is believing.

　　What he likes is playing chess after supper.

　　He hasn't much hope of realizing his wish.

　　She is afraid of going out alone at night. （be afraid of 害怕做某事）

　　As the three-day conference is coming to an end， the chairman is busy preparing the closing speech.（be busy doing 忙于做某事）

　　They don't approve of his way of looking at things.

　　（approve of 赞成）

　　在句型It is no use / useless / useful / senseless， It is no good， It is worthwhile， It is a waste of time 等中，作主语的必须是动名词。

　　It is no use crying now. Let's try to think out a way to solve the problem.（think out 想出……）

　　It's no good waiting outside. Let's walk home.

　　It's waste of time arguing about it.

　　Though it may take some time， it is worthwhile trying.

　　同样的结构在句子中作形式宾语和宾语补足语时，真正的宾语也必须用动名词

　　I don't think it good waiting for him now. Let's do our homework.

　　We agree it worthwhile trying it again.

　　She found it useless arguing with her parents about her marriage.

　　He thought it absolutely useless attempting the impossible.

　　Do you consider it good trying again？

　　2.动名词作宾语

　　1）动名词作介词的宾语。

　　They're all opposed （objected ） to putting the meeting off.（oppose to 反对…… to是介词 put off 推迟）

　　I've been looking forward to attending the party for a long time.

　　（look forward to 盼望做某事）

　　She is afraid of falling behind the others.

　　be afraid of： 害怕做某事，害怕发生某种后果；be afraid to do sth.：不敢做某事。I'm afraid to go back home， for I can't pass the exam.

　　I don't feel like eating anything.

　　They prefer driving to walking. （prefer doing to doing）

　　She hurried back to school for fear of missing too many lessons.

　　（fear of 害怕）

　　The child is accustomed to sleeping alone.be accustomed to 习惯

　　注意used to和be used to， get used to的区别。used to 后面接动词原形，表示“过去经常干某事”， be used to 和 get used to 后面接名词、代词、动名词，表示“习惯于某事”。

　　I used to be a teacher in this school.

　　She didn't use to recite so many new words a day.

　　My sister is used to walking to school alone.

　　My mother wasn't used to living in the city when she was alive.

　　2）动名词作动词的宾语

　　有些动词， finish， stand（容忍）， avoid， suggest， can't help， mind， admit， enjoy， delay， practice， consider， deny， keep （on）， insist on， give up， have difficulty / trouble （in）等，后面必须接动名词（不能接不定式）作宾语。

　　Would you mind filling out the form？

　　I haven't finish doing my homework.

　　I enjoy walking along the river bank after supper.

　　As the price of the computer keeps （on） going down， more and more families can afford it.

　　The girl insists on living alone .

　　有些动词，如remember， forget， need， want， try， mean， regret， stop， go on等，后面既可以接不定式又可接动名词作宾语，但两种结构意义上有差别。

　　I remember seeing you once somewhere.（remember doing 记得过去的事情）

　　Please remember to bring the book next time when you come to my home.（remember to do sth. 记得要做的事情）

　　I regret not listening to your advice. （regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事）

　　I regret to inform you that you're dismissed from the company.（regret to do sth. 对未发生的事情感到遗憾）

　　I'll never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time. （forget doing 忘记过去的事情）

　　Don't forget to come earlier next time.（forget to do 忘记要做的事情）

　　She doesn't want（need） to come.（want 想）

　　The house wants（needs） cleaning.（want 后接doing主语一定是物）

　　Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.（try doing 试一试）

　　We must try to finish the assignment before the boss comes back.（try to do 设法做某事）

　　Failing in the exam means waiting for another year.（mean doing 意味着）

　　I meant to help you.（mean to do 打算做某事）

　　He stopped smoking last week.（stop doing 停止某事）

　　He stopped to smoke after he finished this article.（stop to do 停下来开始做另外一件事）

　　My good friend told me that I shouldn't go on living like that.（go on doing 继续做某事）

　　Having visited the Tiananmen Square， the tourist guide went on to show us around the city.（go on to do 接下来干另一件事）

　　3.动名词的逻辑主语

　　动名词的逻辑主语说明动名词所表示的动作是谁做的。物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词、名词所有格都可以作动名词的逻辑主语。

　　Do you mind my reading your book？（比较：Do you mind reading the book？）

　　Do you think there will be any chance of my seeing him again？

　　I remember mother once mentioning about it.

　　She hates people losing their tempers.（lose one's temper 发脾气）

　　She insisted on their both attending the meeting.

　　The baby's crying annoyed its mother.

　　4.动名词的被动式、完成式

　　构成： being + 过去分词。当动名词的逻辑主语或句子的主语是动名词所表示的动作的承受者时，动名词要用被动形式。

　　The problem is far from being settled.

　　My five-year-old son didn't mind being left at home the whole morning.

　　I couldn't bear being made fun of like that. （bear 容忍；make fun of 取笑）

　　The child avoided being sent to school by running away quickly.（avoid doing sth.）

　　当动名词表示的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前时，动名词要用完成式。构成：having+过去分词。

　　She denied having shot the bird.

　　He was praised for having made such a great contribution to the factory.（make a contribution to 对……做贡献）

　　I apologize for not having kept my promise.

　　We have no idea of his having been in the army for three years.

　　I don't remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.（remeber doing 记得过去发生的事情；动名词完成时被动式，构成为：having been + 过去分词。）

　　在want， need， deserve ， require， be worth， 等动词后，尽管表示的是被动的意思，却用动名词的主动形式。

　　My pen needs filling.

　　The question requires studying with great care.

　　Who needs looking after？

　　The place is worth visiting.