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　　4）非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句中不能用关联词that.修饰人时用who， whose， whom； 修饰物时用which， whose；修饰地点和时间的名词，且作状语时分别用where， when.如：

　　Water， which is a clear liquid， has many uses.

　　Our guide， who is a Chinese ， is an excellent cook.

　　They will fly to Boston， where they can plan to stay for four days， and then go to New York.

　　He picked up the book， the cover of which had been torn.（tear-tore-torn 撕裂、撕碎）

　　He is our English teacher， whose wife is a manager in a big firm.

　　非限定性定语从句还可以修饰整个句子，关联词只能用which.

　　The activity was postponed， which was exactly what we wanted.

　　They have invited me to attend the party， which is very kind of them.

　　限定型定语从句，如果修饰物并做宾语，前面又有介词，只能用which. 但是如果定语从句修饰的是不定代词，或是only，very以及形容词，只能用that.在非限定性定语从句中修饰物只能用which，修饰人只能用who.如果非限定性定语从句修饰整个句子，关联词只能用which.

　　as 也可以引导定语从句，多和such连用。如：

　　Boy as he was， he was chosen king.

　　He was in such a fury as I have never seen.

　　Let's discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us.

　　1. August 15， 1999 was one of the greatest days in his life ______ he was accepted by a university.

　　A. while B. that C. which D. when

　　答案 D

　　2. Our concert turned out to be a great success， _______ they had never expected.

　　A. what B. that C. when D. which

　　答案 D

　　3. It was a cold winter night， and there wasn't anyone _______ the boy could turn to for help in the street.

　　A. that B. which C. whom D. what

　　答案 A

　　turn to sb. 向某人求助

　　4. All _____ is a continuous supply of fuel.

　　A. what is needed B. the thing needed

　　C. that is needed D. for their needs

　　答案 C

　　5. Huang Hong， ________ father is a taxi driver， studies computer science in the U.S.

　　A. her B. she's C. whose D. that

　　答案 C

　　6. Mr. Li is going to visit the university ________ he studied 25 years ago.

　　A. where B. which C. that D. in where

　　答案 D 正确答案 in which

　　答案 A

　　7. She had three sons， all ________ became doctors.

　　A. of which B. which C. of whom D. who

　　答案 C

　　8. The only thing _________ really matters to the children is how soon they can return home.

　　A. that B. which C. what D. /

　　答案 A

　　9. “Do you know Tom？”

　　“I think so. Isn't he _______ smokes incessantly（不停地）？”

　　A. who B. the man C. the man who D. the person which

　　答案 C

　　10. The seventeenth century was one ________ many significant advances were made in both science and philosophy.

　　A. in that B. in which C. whose D. of

　　答案 B

　　11. English words are not always spelled ________.

　　A. the way they sound B. the way they to sound

　　C. the way they're sounding D. as they are sounding

　　答案 A

　　12. Angel was the first girl ________ when you got here.

　　A. you talked to whom B. you talked to

　　C. whom you talked D. who talked you

　　A的正确答案为whom you talked to/to whom you talked to

　　答案 B

　　13. He arrived late， ________ was annoying.

　　A. what B. that C. which D. whom

　　答案 C

　　14. She was extremely understanding， _______ helped to calm James down.

　　A. which B. it C. that D. this

　　答案 A

　　15. I've never dined with you， sir； and I see no reason ________.

　　A. how should I now B. how I should now

　　C. why should I now D. why I should now

　　答案 D

　　16. The letter _______ I mailed to my sister a month before Christmas has not yet reached her.

　　A. that B. which C. / D. all of the above

　　答案 D

　　17. ________ is known to the world， Mark Twain was a great American writer.

　　A. That B. Which C. As D. It

　　答案 C

　　6.状语从句

　　状语从句可以用来表示时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、行为方式、比较、让步等。

　　1）时间状语从句

　　常用的关联词有when， whenever， before， after， while， as， once（一旦），until， （ever） since， as soon as等。时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的情况通常用一般现在时。如：

　　When you cross a road， you must be careful.

　　It will not be long before we meet again.

　　She comes here every month since she was a child to see her grandmother.

　　As soon as I know it， I'll tell you.

　　2）地点状语从句

　　关联词有 where 和 wherever.如：

　　Sit down wherever you like.

　　Put it where you found it.

　　3）条件状语从句

　　关联词有if， unless， as / so long as（只要），in case（万一）等。如：

　　As/So long as we don't give up， we are bound to succeed.（be bound to do sth. 注定要做某事；give up 放弃）

　　In case I gorget， please remind me of that.（remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人做某事）

　　If it snows tomorrow， we will stay at home.

　　I will do anything as long as it is interesting.

　　4）原因状语从句

　　关联词有because， as（由于，因为）， since（由于，既然），now that（既然），that等。

　　As I didn't know the way， I asked a policeman.

　　Since no one is against， we'll adopt the proposal.

　　Seeing that she's ill， she's unlikely to come.

　　Not that I dislike the work， but that I have no time.

　　4）原因状语从句

　　because， as since， for 皆为“因为”时的区别：

　　a.because 语气强，用以回答why引导的问句。它可和强调词only， just以及否定词not连用，其所引导的从句常位于主句之后，只有强调时才置于主句之前。Because从句还可以用于强调结构，如It was because I wanted to see my mother that I went to Beijing last month.（It was…that/ It is …that）

　　b.As语气较弱，较口语化，所表的原因比较明显，或是已知的事实，所以不用强调。As从句之前不可用强调句和not， 也不可用于强调结构。As从句多置于主句之前。

　　c.Since 的语气也比较弱，常表示对方已知的事实，往往相当于汉语的“既然”。它和as 一样，其前也不可用强调词和not， 也不可用强调结构。

　　d.For 和上述三个从属连词不同，它是一个等立连词，比较文气。它有时可用来作附加说明，We must get rid of carelessness， for it often leads to errors. 我们一定要克服粗枝大叶的毛病，因为这常导致错误。

　　5）目的状语从句

　　关联词有so that， in order that， for fear that（以免）， in case（以免）等。

　　Speak clearly so that they may understand you.

　　He spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand.

　　I've got the key in case we want to go inside.

　　6）结果状语从句

　　关联词有so that， so…that， such…that等。such+名词，so+形容词，副词。

　　It's such a good chance that we can't miss it.

　　He was so angry that he could not speak.

　　Everybody lent a hand so that the work was finished ahead of time.

　　7）方式状语从句

　　关联词主要有as（正如）和as if， as though.

　　He looks as if he's tired.

　　I did just as you told me.

　　8）让步状语从句

　　关联词有though， although， as（虽然）， even if， even though， no matter， whatever， however等。

　　Though I am fond of music， I can't play any instrument.（be fond of 喜爱）

　　Although it is difficult， we'll do it.

　　Whatever you say， I don't believe you.

　　as 引导让步状语从句时， 句子需要倒装。

　　Try as you may， you will never succeed.

　　Young as she is， she is already familiar with most of the stories.

　　（be familiar with 对……熟悉；be similar to 和……相似）

　　Old as I am， I can still climb the mountain.

　　9）比较状语从句

　　关联词主要有than和as（像…一样）。

　　I can walk faster than you can run.

　　He spent twice as much time on this picture as on that one.

　　He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep.

　　1. If anybody ______ me while I'm out， tell him I'll call him back later on.

　　A. phones B. will phone C. is phoning D. phoned

　　答案 A

　　2. We must begin testing the instrument， no matter _______ difficult it is.

　　A. what B. how C. when D. where

　　答案 B

　　3. I'll leave him a note ________ he'll know where we are.

　　A. so that B. that C. in order D. for

　　答案 A

　　4. ________ he worked all day， he couldn't finish the job.

　　A. Even B. In case C. Although D. In spite of

　　in case 万一

　　in spite of 尽管，引导短语

　　答案 C

　　5. ________ to New York， her father has not heard from her.

　　A. Because she went B. After she went

　　C. When she went D. Since she went

　　答案 D

　　6. “Did you return Fred's call？”

　　“I don't need to _______ I'll see him tomorrow.”

　　A though B. because C. otherwise D. unless

　　答案 B

　　7. “My uncle comes in from Iran tonight.”

　　“How long has it been _______ you last saw him？”

　　A. since B. as C. while D. when

　　答案 A

　　8. The size of the audience， _________ we had expected， was well over one thousand.

　　A. whom B. as C. who D. that

　　well over 超过

　　答案 B

　　复合句部分除了应注意根据句子意思的需要选择恰当的关联词外，还应注意以下几点：

　　（1）所有的从句都要用陈述句的句序。如：

　　1.They want to know ________ do to help us.

　　A. what can they B. what they can

　　C. how they can D. how can they （答案 B）

　　2.Excuse me， sir. Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station？

　　（2）时间及条件状语从句，even if 、even though引导的让步状语从句，往往用一般现在时表示将来的情况，主句用一般将来时。

　　1.We promise that we will meet again after we _______ our college education in three years' time.

　　A. finish B. will finish C. have finished D. will have finished （答案 A）

　　2.If Mary ________， tell her I'll call her back as soon as I return.

　　A. call B. calls C. called D. is going to call

　　（答案 B）

　　3.Even if it __________ tomorrow， the sports meet will take place.

　　A. will rain B. rains C. rain D. has rained

　　（take place 举行；答案 B）

　　（3）what和that 的区别

　　what可以引导主语、宾语、表语从句，在从句中作主语或宾语，有其具体的含义。

　　that 可以引导主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语从句，在前四种从句中that 没有任何具体的含义，也不充当从句的任何成分，所以当从句意义和结构完整时，关联词往往选择that.

　　1._______ we will do next is still under discussion.

　　A. That B. When C. Where D. What

　　（答案 D）

　　2.He found at last _______ he had been looking for.

　　A. that B. what C. where D. which

　　（答案 B）

　　3.He was overcome by the fear _________ he had lung cancer.

　　A. which B. what C. that D. of

　　（答案 C）

　　4.The doctor insists that my brother give up smoking.

　　that 在定语从句中可以指代先行词，表示人或物，作从句的主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略，但不能置于介词之后。当先行词为不定代词，或有only， very， first或形容词修饰时，定语从句的主语或宾语一般需用that.that不可以引导非限定性定语从句。

　　1.I need a coat that / which is both warm and light in weight.

　　2.Is this the boy （whom / that） you were looking for？

　　3.At first the old man seemed unwilling to accept anything

　　_______was offered him by my friend and me.

　　A. that B. which C. what D. it（答案 A）

　　4.This is the very factory _______ we visited for the first

　　time in 1996.

　　A. where B. which C. that D. what（答案 C）

　　5.More and more young people like playing football， _______ is

　　an exciting game.（答案 B）

　　A. what B. which C. that D. because

　　（4）when和where在定语从句中可以分别指代先行词所表示的时间和地点，但在从句只能作状语，往往可以与“介词 +　which”结构互换。

　　1.I still remember the place ______ our class once did some field work.（答案 C）

　　A. there B. which C. where D. when

　　2.We visited the house where / in which Lu Xun lived in Shanghai.

　　3.I still remember the year ________ I first came to this beautiful city.（答案 D）

　　A. which B. in which C. when D. Both B and C