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　　第九节 基本句型13-1

　　英语的基本句型有五种：

　　1.主语+谓语动词（不及物动词）。如：

　　My grandma can neither read nor write.来源：www.examda.com

　　2.主语+谓语动词+宾语。如：来源：www.examda.com

　　Morning exercises will do you a lot of good.

　　3.主语+谓语动词+表语。如：来源：www.examda.com

　　In Beijing， the best season of the year is probably autumn.

　　4.主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如；

　　The professor gave us a speech yesterday.

　　5.主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语。如：

　　Mary had her hair cut yesterday.

　　第十节 句子的分类

　　一、按用途分类

　　句子按用途分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。

　　（一）陈述句

　　陈述句说明一个事实或是表达说话人的看法。如：

　　She arrived quite early.

　　I don't see any point in making another speech on this problem.

　　（二）疑问句

　　疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

　　1.一般疑问句

　　一般疑问句通常以助动词开始，要求以yes 或no回答。如：

　　“Will you pass on a message to him？” “Yes， what's it？”

　　“Do you like sports？” “No， I prefer reading in my spare time. ”

　　2.特殊疑问句

　　特殊疑问句以疑问代词开头，后面通常接一般疑问句，如果疑问词或其修饰的词作句子的主语，后面应用陈述句句序。如：

　　How much did she charge ？

　　Who is responsible for the accident？（be responsible for 为……负责）

　　“______ do you record the temperature in the lab？”

　　“Every two hours.”

　　A. How soon B. How long C. How often D. How much（答案 C how often 表示频率，how soon快……，how long 一段延续的时间，how much 问价钱）

　　3.选择疑问句

　　选择疑问句在结构上类似于一般疑问句，选择的两部分由or连接起来。如：

　　Do you prefer coffee or tea？ -Either will do.

　　Are you from Shanghai or Suzhou？-I'm from Suzhou.

　　4.反意疑问句

　　反意疑问句由两部分组成，前一部分用陈述句的形式，后一部分是一个简短的问句。如果前一部分用肯定形式，后一部分通常用否定形式，前一部分用否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式，两部分主语的人称、时态应保持一致。如：

　　You are going out today， aren't you？

　　We can't take the books out， can we？

　　当反意疑问句的前一部分是否定句，或含有no， nothing， never， hardly， seldom等词时，回答时应特别注意。事实上肯定的用yes，事实上否定的用no.

　　You won't be away for long， will you？-No， I'll be back in ten minutes.

　　He is hardly ten， is he？-Yes， he is ten.

　　You haven't any objection to the idea， have you？-No， I haven't.（objection to 反对，to是介词）

　　They have no classes tomorrow， have they？-No， they haven't.

　　日常用语中有些反意疑问句构成与上述不同，有其独特的方式。如：

　　Have a cup of tea， will you？

　　Let's meet at the station， shall we？

　　What a lovely day， isn't it？

　　4.反意疑问句

　　1. You never told us his phone number， _______？

　　A. hadn't you B. didn't you C. had you D. did you

　　答案 D

　　2. I don't think you've heard of him before， ________？

　　A. don't I B. do I C. have you D. haven't you

　　答案 C

　　3. Mountains can be very dangerous， ________？

　　A. can't they B. aren't they C. don't they C. won't they

　　答案 A

　　4. “Jill has a toothache.”

　　“It's been hurting her for quite a while， _______？”

　　A. isn't it B. doesn't it C. wasn't it D. hasn't it

　　答案 D

　　5. Beginners have to learn from their mistakes， _______ they？

　　A. haven't B. mustn't C. don't D. aren't

　　learn from 从……学到

　　答案 C

　　6. “It's awfully cold this morning.”

　　“Yes， but it's not colder than it was yesterday， _______ it？”

　　A. wasn't B. isn't C. is D. was

　　答案 C

　　7. Let's try a bit harder， _______？

　　A. will we B. shall we C. do we D. are we

　　答案 B

　　（三）祈使句

　　祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等，主语一般是you，在句子中省略，谓语动词用原形，否定一般在谓语前加don't .如：

　　Let's not waste time arguing about it. （waste time doing）

　　Be sure to come here before nine.

　　Don't do that again.

　　Don't hesitatie to turn to me if you are in trouble. （turn to sb.向某人求助）

　　（四）感叹句

　　感叹句表示说话人的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪，一般由what或how引导，what修饰名词，how修饰形容词或副词。What + n.； How+ adj. 如：

　　What good news it is！

　　How good the news is！

　　What silly questions you asked！

　　How silly the questions you asked！

　　What a bad memory I've got！ I even forgot to bring the book with me.

　　How bad the memory I've got！

　　Look！ _______ lovely day it is ！

　　A. What B. How C. What a D. How a

　　（答案 C）

　　句法部分的一个重要考核点是反意疑问句。其提问部分的助动词和主语（往往是代词）应该与前半句一致，回答部分前后应保持一致。如：

　　1.Your name is Mary， _______？

　　A. aren't you B. is it C. isn't it D. are you

　　（答案 C）

　　2.John studies in a state university， _________ he？

　　A. do not B. does C. doesn't D. do

　　（答案 C）

　　3.“She wasn't in when her husband came， was she？”

　　“______， but she returned a few minutes later.”

　　A. No， she was B. No， she wasn't

　　C. Yes， she was D. Yes， she wasn't

　　（答案 B）

　　此外，考生应注意句型let's … ，其后面往往用shall we 提问。如：

　　Let's do the cleaning right after class， _____？

　　A. will you B. shall we C. do you D. can we

　　（答案 B）

　　另一类需引起注意的句子是感叹句。感叹句的引导词是what（修饰名词）或how（修饰形容词、副词），考生应特别注意what修饰的名词，看它是可数还是不可数，是单数还是复数，若是单数，前面往往需加不定冠词。

　　1._______ wonderful birthday I am having！

　　A. What B. What a C. How D. How much

　　答案 B

　　2.________ lovely weather we have been having these days！

　　A. How B. What C. How a D. What a

　　答案 B

　　3.How lovely they are！

　　二、按结构分类

　　考试大纲要求：

　　句子按结构分类可分为简单句、并列句和复合句

　　（一）简单句

　　只包含一个主谓结构，而句子各个成分都由单词或短语构成的句子叫做简单句。如：

　　I'm going to the Great Wall tomorrow.

　　（二）并列句

　　包含两个或两个以上互不依从的简单句的句子叫并列句。并列句中的分句通常用逗号、分号或并列连词连接起来。如：

　　I'd like to travel in the holidays， but my wife insists on going to her parents' home.

　　There was no news； nevertheless， he went on hoping.（go on doing sth. 继续做某事）

　　（三）复合句

　　大纲要求：

　　（1）主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的构成及其常用关联词；

　　（2）定语从句的种类、构成及常用关联词；

　　（3）状语从句的种类及其常用关联词。

　　它指的是包含两个和两个以上的主谓结构的句子，其中至少有一个主谓结构充当句子的某个成份。比如当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等，这个主谓结构就称为从句，所有从句都要用陈述句句序。

　　1.主语从句

　　主语不是一个词而是一个句子，它因为有这个主句了，所以主语这个句子叫从句。主语从句可以位于句首，也可以位于句子的尾部，而在句首一般用it做它的形式主语，引导主语从句的关连有that和whether

　　这两个都是不能省略的。

　　What she did is not yet know.

　　It is certain that we shell be late.

　　It is curt to him that he had forgot to buy the book.

　　How the prisoner is escape is a complete secret.

　　1. ______ at the meeting yesterday is of great importance to the development of our business.

　　A. That we discussed B. What we discussed

　　C. How did we discuss D. What did we discuss

　　答案 B

　　（be of importance= be important）

　　2. _______ you say now can't make up for what you've done.

　　A. No matter B. Whatever C. However D. That

　　make up for 为……补偿

　　答案 B

　　3. _______ was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.

　　A. That B. Which C. Who D. What

　　答案 D

　　4. _______ you do， do it well.

　　A. What B. Which C. That D. Whatever

　　which不能引导主语从句。

　　whatever=no matter what

　　答案 D

　　5. __________ the prisoner escaped is a mystery.

　　A. What B. How C. That D. Which

　　引导主语从句的关联词是that，whether和疑问词。

　　答案 B

　　2.宾语从句

　　引导宾语从句的关联词与主语从句基本相同。关联词that一般可以省略，whether一般可与if（“是否”）互换。宾语从句有时也可以放在句子的后部，而在前面用it作形式宾语。宾语从句还可以接在介词后面。

　　They told us again that the situation was serious.

　　I doubt whether he will come.

　　I don't know if you could help me tomorrow.

　　We all thought it a pity that you had failed the exam.

　　1. The photos will show you _______.

　　A. what does the house look like B. what the house looks like

　　C. how does the house look like D. how the house looks like

　　答案 B

　　2. I hope ______ my letter.

　　A. her to answer B. that she should answer

　　C. that she will answer D. her answering

　　hope to do sth.

　　hope+that从句。将来时用will.

　　She hopes to work in this company.

　　答案 C

　　3. These apples are very expensive. Do you know _______？

　　A. how do they cost B. how many do they cost

　　C. how much do they cost D. how much they cost

　　答案 D

　　4. The story of Jonar implies _________ love can not be separated from responsibility.

　　A. how B. if C. that D. whether

　　答案 C

　　separate from 和……分开

　　5. He wondered ________.

　　A. what will be his wife's reaction B. what would his wife's reaction be C. what his wife's reaction would be D. how would be his wife's reaction

　　答案 C

　　6. The fat lady asked Alex _______ he wanted something to eat.

　　A. what B. if C. that D. which

　　答案 B

　　7. The teacher asked me ________.

　　A. whether or not I had finished my work B. did I finish my work or not C. is my work finished or not D. if or not I have finished my work

　　答案 A

　　whether or not

　　8. Although I expected something different， I was still surprised by _______ he said.

　　A. what B. which C. that D. how

　　答案 A

　　修饰不定代词的形容词放在不定代词后面。

　　人做主语surprise用过去分词做表语。

　　9. I don't know his address except ________ it was Leadenhall Street.

　　A. that B. whether C. what D. where

　　答案 A

　　10. Mr. Lamb did not know _______ he should renew the lease （租约） or not.

　　A. what B. whether C. if D. which

　　答案 B

　　3.表语从句

　　表语从句与宾语从句基本相同。如：

　　The problem is who we can get to replace her.

　　That's why we had to put off the meeting.（put off：延期）

　　1. The reason why I didn't go to France was _______ a new job.

　　A. because I got B. because of getting

　　C. due to D. that I got

　　due to sth./sb.： because of sth./sb. 由于某事物/某人

　　The team's success was largely due to her efforts. 该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。

　　He was late due to the very heavy traffic.他迟到是因为交通拥挤。

　　答案 D

　　2. He works too hard. That is _______ is wrong with him.

　　A. that which B. the what C. what D. the thing what

　　答案 C

　　3. One reason why women live longer than men after retirement is ______ women can continue to do something they are used to doing.

　　A. because B. for C. since D. that

　　be used to doing

　　答案 D

　　4.同位语从句

　　同位语从句常位于idea， fact， news， fear， belief， doubt， proof， evidence等名词后面，对这些名词作进一步解释。同位语从句大多由关联词that 引导（that不可以省略）。如：

　　The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.

　　Have you heard the news that we will have a picnic next week？

　　There can be no doubt that my brother is qualified for the job.

　　Where did you get the idea that the class would be cancelled？

　　So far there is no proof _______ spaceships from other planets do exist.

　　A. which B. that C. how D. what

　　答案 B

　　5.定语从句

　　定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。

　　限定性定语从句是句子不可缺少的一部分，没有它，句子不能成立，或意思不清楚，不说明问题。

　　非限定性定语从句只对其修饰的部分作进一步的说明，没有它句子其他部分仍然可以成立。非限定性定语从句常用逗号与前面的部分隔开。

　　5.定语从句

　　1）修饰人的定语从句

　　who 主语／宾语（口语中，可省略）

　　that 主语/宾语（可省略，前面不能有介词）

　　whom 宾语（前面没有介词时可省略）

　　whose 定语

　　Do you know the person to whom he is talking？

　　Do you know the person（whom/that） he is talking to？

　　He is the man （who/whom/that） you can rely on.

　　He is the man on whom you can rely.

　　Do you know the woman who（that） is watching TV？

　　You're the only one whose advice he might listen to.

　　The girls whose names were called stood up.

　　Here is the man （whom/that） you've been looking for.

　　He is a man on whom you can safely depend.

　　2）修饰物的定语从句

　　如果修饰的词是物，而它在定语从句中做主语，则可以用that和which.

　　如果修饰的词是物，而它在定语从句中做宾语，则可以用that（可省略，前面不能有介词）和which（前面没有介词时可省略）。

　　whose后接名词做定语。

　　She wasn't on the train which /that arrived just now.

　　The dog which/that was lost has been found.

　　This is the question about which we've had so much discussion.

　　This is the question（that/which） we've had so much discussion about.

　　The novel （that/which） he recommended is worth reading.（be worth doing；值得做某事）

　　当定语从句修饰的词是不定代词，如anybody， nobody， nothing等，或是有only， very， 形容词等修饰的名词时，从句的关联词往往用that ， that作从句的主语或宾语，作宾语时常被省略。

　　Is there anything （that ） I can do for you？

　　All（that） you have to do is to close the door and wait for him.

　　This is one of the easiest questions that do not need answering.

　　There is no one in the world who/that does not make a mistake.

　　定语从句修饰的词是不定代词、only、very、形容词关联词用that，如果that在从句中做宾语，则可以省略。

　　3）修饰时间、地点、原因的定语从句

　　修饰时间的用when，相当于相当于“介词+ which”，在句中做状语。

　　修饰地点的用where，相当于相当于“介词+ which”，在句中做状语。

　　修饰原因的一般情况下跟的都是reason，用why关联词引导定语从句。

　　He came last night when I was going to bed.

　　I know of a place where we can have lunch.

　　She's going home where she can rest.

　　Do you know the reason why I left early？

　　There's no reason why he should do so.