1. Directions : There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most1held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder even if it means2off the pavement into a busy street!3you must pass under a ladder you can4bad luck by crossing your fingers and5them crossed until you have seen a dog.6, you may lick your finger and7a cross on the toe of your shoe, and not look again at the shoe until the8has dried.
Another common9is that it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house it will either bring10to the person who opened it or to the whole11Anyone opening an umbrella in fine weather is12, as it inevitably brings rain !
The number 13 is said to be unlucky for some, and when the 13th day of the month13on a Friday, anyone wishing to avoid a bad event had better stay14The worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror,15it brings seven years of bad luck! The superstition is supposed to have16in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods.
lack cats are generally considered lucky in Britain, even though they are17with witchcraft. It is18lucky if a black cat crosses your path -- although in America the exact opposite belief prevails.
Finally, a commonly held superstition is that of touching wood19luck. This measure is most often taken if you think you have said something that is tempting fate, such as "my car has never broken20, touch wood?"

Abroadly
Bwidely
Cquickly
Dspeedily
2. 82.
Acommon
Bordinary
Cconventional
Dfrequent

3. The sun gives off light and warmth__________(ʹֲΪ)
4. ڣ48ϴ𰸡
5. Caught in the Web
A few months ago, it wasn't unusual for 47-year-old Carla Toebe to spend 15 hours per day online. She'd wake up early, turn on her laptop and chat on Internet dating sites and instant-messaging programs C leaving her bed for only brief intervals. Her household bills piled up, along with the dishes and dirty laundry, but it took near-constant complaints from her four daughters before she realized she had a problem.
"I was starting to feel like my whole world was falling apart C kind of slipping into a depression," said Carla. "I knew that if I didn't get off the dating sites, I'd just keep going," detaching (ʹ) herself further from the outside world.
Toebe's conclusion: She felt like she was "addicted" to the Internet. She's not alone.
Concern about excessive Internet use isn't new. As far back as 1995, articles in medical journals and the establishment of a Pennsylvania treatment center for overusers generated interest in the subject. There's still no consensus on how much time online constitutes too much or whether addiction is possible.
But as reliance on the Web grows, there are signs that the question is getting more serious attention: Last month, a study published in CNS Spectrums claimed to be the first large-scale look at excessive Internet use. The American Psychiatric Association may consider listing Internet addiction in the next edition of its diagnostic manual. And scores of online discussion boards have popped up on which people discuss negative experiences tied to too much time on the Web.
"There's no question that there're people who're seriously in trouble because they're overdoing their Internet involvement," said psychiatrist (Ò½) Ivan Goldberg. Goldberg calls the problem a disorder rather than a true addiction.
Jonathan Bishop, a researcher in Wales specializing in online communities, is more skeptical. "The Internet is an environment," he said. "You can't be addicted to the environment." Bishop describes the problem as simply a matter of priorities, which can be solved by encouraging people to prioritize other life goals and plans in place of time spent online.
The new CNS Spectrums study was based on results of a nationwide telephone survey of more than 2,500 adults. Like the 2005 survey, this one was conducted by Stanford University researchers.About 6% of respondents reported that "their relationships suffered because of excessive Internet use." About 9% attempted to conceal "nonessential Internet use," and nearly 4% reported feeling "preoccupied by the Internet when offline."
About 8% said they used the Internet as a way to escape problems, and almost 14% reported they "found it hard to stay away from the Internet for several days at a time."
"The Internet problem is still in its infancy," said Elias Aboujaoude, a Stanford professor. No single online activity is to blame for excessive use, he said. "They're online in chat rooms, checking e-mail, or writing blogs. The problem is not limited to porn (É«) or gambling websites.
Excessive Internet use should be defined not by the number of hours spent online but in terms of losses, said Maressa Orzack, a Harvard University professor. If it's a loss where you're not getting to work, and family relationships are breaking down as a result, then it's too much.
Since the early 1990s, several clinics have been established in the US to treat heavy Internet users. They include the Center for Internet Addiction Recovery and the Center for Internet Behavior.
The website for Orzack's center lists the following among the psychological symptoms of computer addiction:f
·Having a sense of well-being (Ò¸) or excitement while at the computer.
·Longing for more and more time at the computer.f
·Neglect of family and friends.f
·Feeling empty, depressed or irritable when not at the computer.f
·Lying to employers and family about activities.f
·Inability to stop the activity.f
·Problems with school or job.
Physical symptoms listed include dry eyes, backaches, skipping meals, poor personal hygiene () and sleep disturbances.
People who struggle with excessive Internet use may be depressed or have other mood disorders, Orzack said. When she discusses Internet habits with her patients, they often report that being online offers a sense of belonging, an escape, excitement and fun, she said. Some people say relief...because they find themselves so relaxed.
Some parts of the Internet seem to draw people in more than others. Internet gamers spend countless hours competing in games against people from all over the world. One such game, called World of Warcraft, is cited on many sites by posters complaining of a gaming addiction.
Andrew Heidrich, an education network administrator from Sacramento, plays World of Warcraft for about two to four hours every other night, but that's nothing compared with the 40 to 60 hours a week he spent playing online games when he was in college. He cut back only after a full-scale family intervention (Ô¤), in which relatives told him he'd gained weight.
There's this whole culture of competition that sucks people in with online gaming, said Heidrich, now a father of two. People do it at the expense of everything that was a constant in their lives. Heidrich now visits websites that discuss gaming addiction regularly to remind myself to keep my love for online games in check.
Toebe also regularly visits a site where posters discuss Internet overuse. In August, when she first realized she had a problem, she posted a message on a Yahoo Internet addiction group with the subject line: I have an Internet Addiction.
I'm self-employed and need the Internet for my work, but I'm failing to accomplish my work, to take care of my home, to give attention to my children, she wrote in a message sent to the group. I have no money or insurance to get professional help; I can't even pay my mortgage (Ѻ) and face losing everything.
Since then, Toebe said, she has kept her promise to herself to cut back on her Internet use. I have a boyfriend now, and I'm not interested in online dating, she said by phone last week. It's a lot better now.
What eventually made Carla Toebe realize she was spending too much time on the Internet?
Her daughters' repeated complaints.
Fatigue resulting from lack of sleep.
The poorly managed state of her house.
The high financial costs adding up.
6. Paper--More than Meets the Eye
We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.
It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.
Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.
Paper from Wood
In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence
of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.
A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.
Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.
It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!
So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may
indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.
Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on,
the correct material then this is probably the only way.
Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.
Paper from Rag
Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to
purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.
A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.
The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.
Ķ£ش2-47

The corn-flake packet is cheaper than __
[A] high grade card
[B] middle grade card
[C] low grade card
[D] any grade card
7.

Questions {TSE}are based on the following passage.


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8. What can we infer from Para. 6?

9. We must consider each aspect of this question before __________ ()
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10. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic To Learn English Well By Speaking More. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.
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