2013英募每一(1125)
亩
1. 亩虏希卮22-12猓�
What do we learn about African elephants from the passage?
2. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment. Supporters of rent control argue that it protects people who are living in apartments. Their rent cannot increase; therefore, they are not in danger of losing their homes. However, the critics say that after a long time, rent control may have negative effects. Landlords know that they cannot increase their profits. Therefore, they invest in other businesses where they can increase their profits. They do not invest in new buildings which would also be rentcontrolled. As a result, new apartments are not built. Many people who need apartments cannot find any. According to the critics, the end result of rent control is a shortage of apartments in the city.
Some theorists argue that the minimum wage law can cause problems in the same way. The federal government sets the minimum that an employer must pay workers. The minimum helps people who generally look for unskilled, lowpaying jobs. However, if the minimum is high, employers may hire fewer workers. They will replace workers with machinery. The price, which is the wage that employers must pay, increases. Therefore, other things being equal, the number of workers that employers want decreases. Thus, critics claim, an increase in the minimum wage may cause unemployment. Some poor people may find themselves without jobs instead of with jobs at the minimum wage.
Supporters of the minimum wage say that it helps people keep their dignity. Because of the law, workers cannot sell their services for less than the minimum. Furthermore, employers cannot force workers to accept jobs at unfair wages.
Economic theory predicts the results of economic decisions such as decisions about farm production, rent control, and the minimum wage. The predictions may be correct only if other things are equal. Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it. Economists do agree, however, that there are no simple answers to economic questions.There is the possibility that setting maximum rent may .
Acause a shortage of apartments
Bworry those who rent apartments as homes
Cincrease the profits of landlords
Dencourage landlords to invest in building apartments
亩()
3. Directions : In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Question's12-2are based on the following passage.
During sleep, the fatigue of the body disappears and recuperation (指) begins. The tired mind gathers new energy. Once awake, the memory, improves, and annoyance and problems are seen in a better1.
Some adults require little sleep; others need eight to ten hours in every twenty-four. Infants sleep sixteen to eighteen hours daily and, as they grow older, the amount gradually diminishes.Young students may need twelve hours; university students may need ten. A worker with a physically2job may also need ten, whereas an3.. worker under great pressure may manage on six to eight. Many famous people are reputed to have4little sleep.
Whatever your5need, you can be sure that by the age of thirty you will have slept for a total of more than twelve years. By that age you will also have developed a sleep.6a favorite hour, a favorite bed, a favorite position, and a7you need to follow in order to rest8.
Investigators have tried to find out how long a person can go without sleep. Several people have reached more than 115 hours, nearly five days, whereas animals kept awake for five to eight days have died of9. The10for human beings is probably about a week.
AconvenientlyFlimitKcomfortably
BrequiredGdemandingLexhaustion
CperspectiveHindividualMstarvation
DcorrespondingIformulaNprospective
EroutineJacquiredOexecutive
and annoyance and problems are seen in a better1.
4. Hate Your Job? Here's How to Reshape It
Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so ifs more fruitful than futile.
"We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities," says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set?" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with?"
To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They're working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs--even mundane (平) ones---more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.
Step 1: Rethink Your Job--Creatively
"The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much
time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation( ). See I0 perfect jobs for the recession--and after.
Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt's Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn't part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm's manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.
Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, says it's crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving-and most life-draining."
Many of us get stuck in ruts ( ). Berg, a Ph.D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most
constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."
Step 2: Diagram Your Day
To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.
lna Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, 1 would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never
had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing () more of her administrative responsibilities.
In contrast to business books that counsel, managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position, it's crucial to make the most of the job you've got.
Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates
By reorienting (使应 ) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy
teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues--and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech--the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.
Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."
"They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who parmered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.
Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-0n-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.
Job-crafting isn't about revenue, per se, but juicing up ( 跃 ) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren't happy
with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won't rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can't ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.
亩隙模卮2-47
A long time ago when a person hated his/her job, what would he/she do?
[A] Resign or bear it.
[B] Argue with the boss.
[C] Do it well or quit.
[D] Complain every day.
5. According to the passage, can be compared to the string of a bow for both of them store energy when stretched .
6. Excessive Internet use had rendered Toebe so poor that she couldn't afford to seek ______.
7. We learn from Paragraph 3 that designers who undertake green fashion.
Acan attend various trade shows free
Bare readily recognized by the fashion world
Ccan buy organic cotton at favorable prices
Dare gaining more and more support
8.
Questions 47-12are based on the following passage.
冢47洗
9. Directions : In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank "is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions{TSE}are based on the following passage.
Internet use appears to cause a decline in psychological well-being. Even people who spent just a few hours a week on the Internet experienced more depression and loneliness than those who logged on1frequently. And it wasn't that people who were already feeling bad spent2time on the Internet, but that using the Net3appeared to cause the bad feelings.
Researchers are puzzling over the results, which were4contrary to their expectations. They5that the Net would prove socially healthier than television, since the Net allows users to choose their information and to communicate with others..
The fact that Internet use6time available for family and friends may account for the drop in well-being, researchers hypothesized. Faceless, bodiless "virtual" communication may be less psychologically7than actual conversation, and the relationships formed through it may be shallowerAnother possibility is that8to the wider world via the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives.
"But it's important to remember this is not about the9, perhaps; it's about how it is used ," says psychologist Christine Riley of Intel, one of the study's sponsors. "It really points to the need for considering social10in terms of how you design applications and services for technology. "
A.reduces FdepressingK. technology
Brequired G .lessL .reasons
C. more H. factorsM. exposure
D. satisfyingI.accessN. expected
E .actuallyJcompletelyO.saves
Even people who spent just a few hours a week on the Internet experienced more depression and loneliness than those who logged on1frequently.
写
10. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Sounds in three paragraphs. You have been given the first sentence of each paragraph. You should write at least 120 words.
1The world is filled with many sounds...
2Some sounds are useful...
3But some sounds are harmful...
1. 亩虏希卮22-12猓�
What do we learn about African elephants from the passage?
2. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment. Supporters of rent control argue that it protects people who are living in apartments. Their rent cannot increase; therefore, they are not in danger of losing their homes. However, the critics say that after a long time, rent control may have negative effects. Landlords know that they cannot increase their profits. Therefore, they invest in other businesses where they can increase their profits. They do not invest in new buildings which would also be rentcontrolled. As a result, new apartments are not built. Many people who need apartments cannot find any. According to the critics, the end result of rent control is a shortage of apartments in the city.
Some theorists argue that the minimum wage law can cause problems in the same way. The federal government sets the minimum that an employer must pay workers. The minimum helps people who generally look for unskilled, lowpaying jobs. However, if the minimum is high, employers may hire fewer workers. They will replace workers with machinery. The price, which is the wage that employers must pay, increases. Therefore, other things being equal, the number of workers that employers want decreases. Thus, critics claim, an increase in the minimum wage may cause unemployment. Some poor people may find themselves without jobs instead of with jobs at the minimum wage.
Supporters of the minimum wage say that it helps people keep their dignity. Because of the law, workers cannot sell their services for less than the minimum. Furthermore, employers cannot force workers to accept jobs at unfair wages.
Economic theory predicts the results of economic decisions such as decisions about farm production, rent control, and the minimum wage. The predictions may be correct only if other things are equal. Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it. Economists do agree, however, that there are no simple answers to economic questions.There is the possibility that setting maximum rent may .
Acause a shortage of apartments
Bworry those who rent apartments as homes
Cincrease the profits of landlords
Dencourage landlords to invest in building apartments
亩()
3. Directions : In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Question's12-2are based on the following passage.
During sleep, the fatigue of the body disappears and recuperation (指) begins. The tired mind gathers new energy. Once awake, the memory, improves, and annoyance and problems are seen in a better1.
Some adults require little sleep; others need eight to ten hours in every twenty-four. Infants sleep sixteen to eighteen hours daily and, as they grow older, the amount gradually diminishes.Young students may need twelve hours; university students may need ten. A worker with a physically2job may also need ten, whereas an3.. worker under great pressure may manage on six to eight. Many famous people are reputed to have4little sleep.
Whatever your5need, you can be sure that by the age of thirty you will have slept for a total of more than twelve years. By that age you will also have developed a sleep.6a favorite hour, a favorite bed, a favorite position, and a7you need to follow in order to rest8.
Investigators have tried to find out how long a person can go without sleep. Several people have reached more than 115 hours, nearly five days, whereas animals kept awake for five to eight days have died of9. The10for human beings is probably about a week.
AconvenientlyFlimitKcomfortably
BrequiredGdemandingLexhaustion
CperspectiveHindividualMstarvation
DcorrespondingIformulaNprospective
EroutineJacquiredOexecutive
and annoyance and problems are seen in a better1.
4. Hate Your Job? Here's How to Reshape It
Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so ifs more fruitful than futile.
"We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities," says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set?" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with?"
To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They're working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs--even mundane (平) ones---more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.
Step 1: Rethink Your Job--Creatively
"The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much
time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation( ). See I0 perfect jobs for the recession--and after.
Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt's Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn't part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm's manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.
Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, says it's crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving-and most life-draining."
Many of us get stuck in ruts ( ). Berg, a Ph.D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most
constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."
Step 2: Diagram Your Day
To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.
lna Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, 1 would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never
had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing () more of her administrative responsibilities.
In contrast to business books that counsel, managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position, it's crucial to make the most of the job you've got.
Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates
By reorienting (使应 ) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy
teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues--and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech--the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.
Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."
"They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who parmered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.
Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-0n-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.
Job-crafting isn't about revenue, per se, but juicing up ( 跃 ) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren't happy
with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won't rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can't ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.
亩隙模卮2-47
A long time ago when a person hated his/her job, what would he/she do?
[A] Resign or bear it.
[B] Argue with the boss.
[C] Do it well or quit.
[D] Complain every day.
5. According to the passage, can be compared to the string of a bow for both of them store energy when stretched .
6. Excessive Internet use had rendered Toebe so poor that she couldn't afford to seek ______.
7. We learn from Paragraph 3 that designers who undertake green fashion.
Acan attend various trade shows free
Bare readily recognized by the fashion world
Ccan buy organic cotton at favorable prices
Dare gaining more and more support
8.
Questions 47-12are based on the following passage.
冢47洗
9. Directions : In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank "is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions{TSE}are based on the following passage.
Internet use appears to cause a decline in psychological well-being. Even people who spent just a few hours a week on the Internet experienced more depression and loneliness than those who logged on1frequently. And it wasn't that people who were already feeling bad spent2time on the Internet, but that using the Net3appeared to cause the bad feelings.
Researchers are puzzling over the results, which were4contrary to their expectations. They5that the Net would prove socially healthier than television, since the Net allows users to choose their information and to communicate with others..
The fact that Internet use6time available for family and friends may account for the drop in well-being, researchers hypothesized. Faceless, bodiless "virtual" communication may be less psychologically7than actual conversation, and the relationships formed through it may be shallowerAnother possibility is that8to the wider world via the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives.
"But it's important to remember this is not about the9, perhaps; it's about how it is used ," says psychologist Christine Riley of Intel, one of the study's sponsors. "It really points to the need for considering social10in terms of how you design applications and services for technology. "
A.reduces FdepressingK. technology
Brequired G .lessL .reasons
C. more H. factorsM. exposure
D. satisfyingI.accessN. expected
E .actuallyJcompletelyO.saves
Even people who spent just a few hours a week on the Internet experienced more depression and loneliness than those who logged on1frequently.
写
10. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Sounds in three paragraphs. You have been given the first sentence of each paragraph. You should write at least 120 words.
1The world is filled with many sounds...
2Some sounds are useful...
3But some sounds are harmful...
纬
| 课程专业名称 | 讲师 | 原价/优惠价 | 免费体验 | 报名 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 《大学英语四级》精品班（包括语法、词汇、翻译） | 丁雪明 | ￥100 / ￥100 |  |
报名 |
| 《大学英语四级》精品班（阅读理解） | 丁雪明 | ￥100 / ￥100 | |
报名 |
| 《大学英语四级》精品班（听力） | 丁雪明 | ￥100 / ￥100 | |
报名 |
| 《大学英语四级》精品班（写作） | 丁雪明 | ￥100 / ￥100 | |
报名 |
