2014年英语四级考试每日一练(8月23日)
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单项选择题
1、回答题：
If you are trying to do your bit for sustainability and save water by taking shorter showers, then a new report on sustainability reveals for the first time that there are more effective ways that our everyday choices can have a positive impact on the environment.
For example, the glass of juice you have for breakfast might have used the same amount of water in its production as the amount you have just saved by cutting your shower from 10 to 5 minutes. The milk on your cereal might have used even more.
Balancing Act, a world first that has been developed for the Australia economy by scientists from CSIRO (澳大利亚联邦科学月工业研究组织) and the University of Sydney, looks across 135 industry sectors of the Australian economy and quantifies the impacts and contributions across ten social, environmental, and financial indicators.
Report co-author CSIRO scientist, Barney Foran, says that sustainability for Australia is a balancing act as we try to make decisions and trade-offs in the face of often-competing economic, social and environmental attributes.
"We still need to eat and shower—and it is still worth taking shorter showers to save our stressed urban water supplies—but now consumers have a new tool to help us make more informed choices about different types of products based on a new sustainability rating," says Foran.
Different to other studies because of its detailed observation of the full production chain, this report is able to show the full effects--both direct and indirect of the production of an individual conunodity or serwce, cappuccinos( 卡布奇诺咖啡 )or haircuts. It highlights sustainability challenges for different industries and points out areas in the production chain where a focused effort would make a significant difference.
All effects are referenced back to a consumption dollar roughly the dollar spent by a consumer in everyday life. It also shows that each consumption dollar is quite different-some dollars are positive and create employment, or suck in imports or generate government revenue. Other consumption dollars are less positive through their high use of water or production of greenhouse gas emissions.
This relatively simple presentation of highly complex issues makes this a powerful tool for people who are interested in sustainability to move beyond decisions based on dollars and cents and enables them to make decisions based on a contribution to society, environment, and economy.
The new report on sustainability ________.
A．suggests that saving water by raking shorter showers is ineffective
B．provides more effective daily ways that can protect environment
C．indicates that drinking juice wastes more water than taking long shower
D．reveals that milk uses more water in its production than juice does
2、听录音，回答题：
A．She will help the man later.
B．She doesn't want to help the man with the homework.
C．The man should do the homework himself.
D．The man should watch the program first.
3、Passage Three
Questions are based on the passage you have just heard.
A．Its large rooms.
B．Its unusual location.
C．Its comfortable chairs.
D．The number of its readers.
4、 Questions are based on the following passage.
In his first term. Mayor Michael Bloomberg mapped out a fair plan to get rid of 11,000 tons of New York City garbage every day. The complex proposal was designed to make each district take care of its own trash. It was also supposed to help limit noisy garbage trucks going long distances through, the city to reach marine barges (驳船), railways or out-of-state trash facilities.
Nobody wanted these new garbage transfer stations in their neighborhood, even with promises of new high-tech, low-smell facilities. There are already stations in Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx and Staten Island, most of them in lower-income commtmities. Only one area of the city--the Upper East Side of
Manhattan--has refused to accept a trash facility. The city should not give in to local resistance.
It is time for residents in that neighborhood to accept a share of the city's garbage problem. The city should build a modern, environmentally sound facility at 91st Street to transfer trash from Manhattan to barges on the East River. That trash, estimated at up to 1,800 tons a day, would then go by barge to other states.
Deputy Mayor Cas Hoiloway said last week that the city has had to fight off "lawsuit after lawsuit" with "every useless argument under the sun" from those opposing the 91st Street facility. Those delays have helped push the cost for building the station from $125 million in 2006 to about $ 226 million now.
An earlier trash station at that site, which was closed in 1999, was badly designed so that trucks idled along York Avenue. The new facility, Mr. Holloway said, has been designed to reduce the congestion problem with longer ramps (匝道) leading to the facility, which sits on the eastern side of Franklin D. Roosevelt Drive. The plans also call for higher noise-blocking walls along the ramps.
This terminal is an essential part of the city's 20-year waste management plan. John Doherty, the sanitation (环境卫生) commissioner, told critics at a hearing last week, "We will not entertain any changes to what is a fair and thoughtful, district-based approach that was founded on the principles of environmental equity for all New Yorkers."
Environmental equity, in this case, means that the Upper East Side of Manhattan has to do its part.
The plan worked out by Mayor Michael Bloomberg will______.
A．make garbage trucks no longer necessary
B．need more out-of-state trash facilities
C．reduce the amount of trash in the city
D．make each district deal with its own trash
5、Questions are based on the following passage．
belleve．
Federal support of homeovcnership greatly overvalues its meaning in American life．Through tax breaks and guarantees.the government__39__homeownership to its peak in 2004，when 69 percent of American households owned homes．Subsidies for homeownership，__40__ the mortgage(抵押)interest deduction，reached$230 billion in 2009，according to the Congressional Budget Office．Meanwhile．only$60 billion in tax breaks and spending programs __41__ renters．
The result of this real estate spending craze?According to the Federal Reserve，American real estate lost more than$6 tril]ion in__42__，or almost 30 percent．between 2006 and 2010．One in five American homeoumers is underwater. owing more on a mortgage than what the home is__43__．
Those who profit most from homeownemhip are definitely the largest source of political campaign __44__．Insurance companies．securities and investment firms，real estate interests．and commercial banks gave more than$100 million to federal candidates and parties in 2011．according to the Center for Responsive Politics．
Homeownership is more impollanl to__45__ interests than it is to most Americans，who，according to the research，care more about“a good job”,“the pursuit of happiness”and“freedom”．
A．mded
B．attributed
C．benefit
D．boosted
E．contributions
F．difference
G．expected
H．fmancially
I．including
J．political
K．rapidly
L．special
M．surveyed
N．value
O．worth
36_________
6、Questions are based on the following passage．
Our risk of cancer rises dramatically as we age．So it makes sense that the elderly should be routinely screened for new tumors——or doesn’t it?
While such vigilant(警觉的)tracking of cancer is a good thing in general，researchers are increasingly questioning whether all of this testing is necessary for the elderly．With the percentage of people over age 65 expected to nearly double by 2050，it's important to weigh the health benefits of screening against the risks and costs of routine testing．
In many cases，screening can lead to additional biopsies and surgeries to remove cancer,which can cause side effects，while the cancers themselves may be slow—growing and may not pose serious health problems in patients’remaining years．But the message that everyone must screen for cancer has become so ingrained that when health care experts recommended that women under 50 and over 74 stop screening for breast cancer,it caused a riotous reaction among doctors，patients and advocacy groups．
It’s hard to uproot deeply held beliefs about cancer screening with scientific data．Certainly,there are people over age 75 who have had cancers detected by routine screening，and gained several extra years of life because of treatment．And clearly,people over age 75 who have other risk factors for cancer，such as a family history or prior personal experience with the disease，should continue to get screened regularly．But for me remainder,the risk of cancer,while increased at the end of life，must be balanced with other factors like remaining life expectancy(预期寿命)．
A recent study suggests that doctors start to make more objective decisions about who will truly benefit from screening——especially considering the explosion of the elderly that will soon swell our population．
It，s not an easy calculation to make，but one that make sense for the whole patient．Dr．Otis Brawley said，“Many doctors are ordering these tests purely to cover themselves．We need to think about the rational use of health care and stop talking about the rationing of health care．
That means making some difficult decisions with elderly patients，and going against the misguided belief that when it comes to health care，more is always better．
Why do doctors recommend routine cancer screening for elderly people?
A．It is believed to contribute to long life．
B．It is part of their health care package．
C．The elderly are more sensitive about their health．
D．The elderly are in greater danger of tumor growth．
7、Passage Two
Questions are based on the following passage.
Levittown was the name given to three suburban developments constructed in the post World War II decades by Levitt and Sons, the most important private builder of this period. Using new mass production techniques they had learned while building housing for military personnel during the Second World War, they turned home building from a cottage industry into a major manufacturing process.
During World War II, they received government contracts to build homes for war workers. Under deadline pressure, they developed mass production methods to build houses quickly. These techniques were carried over to their postwar suburban developments. On May 7, 1947, William Levitt announced his plans to build 2,000 houses in a former potato field in the state of New York. Then, by the time this Levittown was completed in 1951, it had contained 17,450 homes for 75,000 people in New York. Levitt eventually built two more Levittowns, in the states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Each contained the same curving streets, community pools, and neighborhood parks, play grounds as the first development did.
Some observers criticized the monotonous uniformity of the Levittowns, charging that they are just the symbol of materialism, but Levittowns were overwhelmingly welcomed by the public. They were cheap, comfortable, efficient, and ideal for young people just starting out in life. Thousands of middle class people, especially some young couples, crowded in city apartments, or still living with their parents, rushed to purchase them. Fourteen hundred contracts were signed in one day in 1949.
Levittown symbolized the most significant social trend of the postwar era in the United States----the flight to the suburbs. The resulting massive shift in population from the central city to the suburbs was accompanied by a baby “boom” that started after soldiers returned home from World War II and got married. By 1960, one-third of the nation’s population lived in the suburbs. The nation underwent its greatest increase in population since 1910.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
A．Levittown was built by William Levitt with the mass-production method.
B．Levittown served as an ideal and leading example of social changes in the U. S. after World War II.
C．Increases in the population of the United States after the war.
D．Why there was a housing shortage after World War II
填空题
8、This is the first time(听到他们用法语交流)．
9、 在中国喝茶是一种仪式(ritual)，一种精致品味的展示(demonstration)。喝茶聊天是中国人中流行的打发时间的方式，过去，他们是以进有名的茶馆(teahouse)而开始一天的生活的。中国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。人们到这里不仅是为了喝茶，也是为了议论当地的新闻或对政治话题进行激烈的讨论。
简答题
10、1．目前，各高校均对大一新生进行军训
2．有人赞成，有人反对
3．我的观点
Is It Necessary to Continue Military Training for Freshmen?
1、回答题：
If you are trying to do your bit for sustainability and save water by taking shorter showers, then a new report on sustainability reveals for the first time that there are more effective ways that our everyday choices can have a positive impact on the environment.
For example, the glass of juice you have for breakfast might have used the same amount of water in its production as the amount you have just saved by cutting your shower from 10 to 5 minutes. The milk on your cereal might have used even more.
Balancing Act, a world first that has been developed for the Australia economy by scientists from CSIRO (澳大利亚联邦科学月工业研究组织) and the University of Sydney, looks across 135 industry sectors of the Australian economy and quantifies the impacts and contributions across ten social, environmental, and financial indicators.
Report co-author CSIRO scientist, Barney Foran, says that sustainability for Australia is a balancing act as we try to make decisions and trade-offs in the face of often-competing economic, social and environmental attributes.
"We still need to eat and shower—and it is still worth taking shorter showers to save our stressed urban water supplies—but now consumers have a new tool to help us make more informed choices about different types of products based on a new sustainability rating," says Foran.
Different to other studies because of its detailed observation of the full production chain, this report is able to show the full effects--both direct and indirect of the production of an individual conunodity or serwce, cappuccinos( 卡布奇诺咖啡 )or haircuts. It highlights sustainability challenges for different industries and points out areas in the production chain where a focused effort would make a significant difference.
All effects are referenced back to a consumption dollar roughly the dollar spent by a consumer in everyday life. It also shows that each consumption dollar is quite different-some dollars are positive and create employment, or suck in imports or generate government revenue. Other consumption dollars are less positive through their high use of water or production of greenhouse gas emissions.
This relatively simple presentation of highly complex issues makes this a powerful tool for people who are interested in sustainability to move beyond decisions based on dollars and cents and enables them to make decisions based on a contribution to society, environment, and economy.
The new report on sustainability ________.
A．suggests that saving water by raking shorter showers is ineffective
B．provides more effective daily ways that can protect environment
C．indicates that drinking juice wastes more water than taking long shower
D．reveals that milk uses more water in its production than juice does
2、听录音，回答题：
点击播放
A．She will help the man later.
B．She doesn't want to help the man with the homework.
C．The man should do the homework himself.
D．The man should watch the program first.
3、Passage Three
Questions are based on the passage you have just heard.
A．Its large rooms.
B．Its unusual location.
C．Its comfortable chairs.
D．The number of its readers.
4、 Questions are based on the following passage.
In his first term. Mayor Michael Bloomberg mapped out a fair plan to get rid of 11,000 tons of New York City garbage every day. The complex proposal was designed to make each district take care of its own trash. It was also supposed to help limit noisy garbage trucks going long distances through, the city to reach marine barges (驳船), railways or out-of-state trash facilities.
Nobody wanted these new garbage transfer stations in their neighborhood, even with promises of new high-tech, low-smell facilities. There are already stations in Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx and Staten Island, most of them in lower-income commtmities. Only one area of the city--the Upper East Side of
Manhattan--has refused to accept a trash facility. The city should not give in to local resistance.
It is time for residents in that neighborhood to accept a share of the city's garbage problem. The city should build a modern, environmentally sound facility at 91st Street to transfer trash from Manhattan to barges on the East River. That trash, estimated at up to 1,800 tons a day, would then go by barge to other states.
Deputy Mayor Cas Hoiloway said last week that the city has had to fight off "lawsuit after lawsuit" with "every useless argument under the sun" from those opposing the 91st Street facility. Those delays have helped push the cost for building the station from $125 million in 2006 to about $ 226 million now.
An earlier trash station at that site, which was closed in 1999, was badly designed so that trucks idled along York Avenue. The new facility, Mr. Holloway said, has been designed to reduce the congestion problem with longer ramps (匝道) leading to the facility, which sits on the eastern side of Franklin D. Roosevelt Drive. The plans also call for higher noise-blocking walls along the ramps.
This terminal is an essential part of the city's 20-year waste management plan. John Doherty, the sanitation (环境卫生) commissioner, told critics at a hearing last week, "We will not entertain any changes to what is a fair and thoughtful, district-based approach that was founded on the principles of environmental equity for all New Yorkers."
Environmental equity, in this case, means that the Upper East Side of Manhattan has to do its part.
The plan worked out by Mayor Michael Bloomberg will______.
A．make garbage trucks no longer necessary
B．need more out-of-state trash facilities
C．reduce the amount of trash in the city
D．make each district deal with its own trash
5、Questions are based on the following passage．
belleve．
Federal support of homeovcnership greatly overvalues its meaning in American life．Through tax breaks and guarantees.the government__39__homeownership to its peak in 2004，when 69 percent of American households owned homes．Subsidies for homeownership，__40__ the mortgage(抵押)interest deduction，reached$230 billion in 2009，according to the Congressional Budget Office．Meanwhile．only$60 billion in tax breaks and spending programs __41__ renters．
The result of this real estate spending craze?According to the Federal Reserve，American real estate lost more than$6 tril]ion in__42__，or almost 30 percent．between 2006 and 2010．One in five American homeoumers is underwater. owing more on a mortgage than what the home is__43__．
Those who profit most from homeownemhip are definitely the largest source of political campaign __44__．Insurance companies．securities and investment firms，real estate interests．and commercial banks gave more than$100 million to federal candidates and parties in 2011．according to the Center for Responsive Politics．
Homeownership is more impollanl to__45__ interests than it is to most Americans，who，according to the research，care more about“a good job”,“the pursuit of happiness”and“freedom”．
A．mded
B．attributed
C．benefit
D．boosted
E．contributions
F．difference
G．expected
H．fmancially
I．including
J．political
K．rapidly
L．special
M．surveyed
N．value
O．worth
36_________
6、Questions are based on the following passage．
Our risk of cancer rises dramatically as we age．So it makes sense that the elderly should be routinely screened for new tumors——or doesn’t it?
While such vigilant(警觉的)tracking of cancer is a good thing in general，researchers are increasingly questioning whether all of this testing is necessary for the elderly．With the percentage of people over age 65 expected to nearly double by 2050，it's important to weigh the health benefits of screening against the risks and costs of routine testing．
In many cases，screening can lead to additional biopsies and surgeries to remove cancer,which can cause side effects，while the cancers themselves may be slow—growing and may not pose serious health problems in patients’remaining years．But the message that everyone must screen for cancer has become so ingrained that when health care experts recommended that women under 50 and over 74 stop screening for breast cancer,it caused a riotous reaction among doctors，patients and advocacy groups．
It’s hard to uproot deeply held beliefs about cancer screening with scientific data．Certainly,there are people over age 75 who have had cancers detected by routine screening，and gained several extra years of life because of treatment．And clearly,people over age 75 who have other risk factors for cancer，such as a family history or prior personal experience with the disease，should continue to get screened regularly．But for me remainder,the risk of cancer,while increased at the end of life，must be balanced with other factors like remaining life expectancy(预期寿命)．
A recent study suggests that doctors start to make more objective decisions about who will truly benefit from screening——especially considering the explosion of the elderly that will soon swell our population．
It，s not an easy calculation to make，but one that make sense for the whole patient．Dr．Otis Brawley said，“Many doctors are ordering these tests purely to cover themselves．We need to think about the rational use of health care and stop talking about the rationing of health care．
That means making some difficult decisions with elderly patients，and going against the misguided belief that when it comes to health care，more is always better．
Why do doctors recommend routine cancer screening for elderly people?
A．It is believed to contribute to long life．
B．It is part of their health care package．
C．The elderly are more sensitive about their health．
D．The elderly are in greater danger of tumor growth．
7、Passage Two
Questions are based on the following passage.
Levittown was the name given to three suburban developments constructed in the post World War II decades by Levitt and Sons, the most important private builder of this period. Using new mass production techniques they had learned while building housing for military personnel during the Second World War, they turned home building from a cottage industry into a major manufacturing process.
During World War II, they received government contracts to build homes for war workers. Under deadline pressure, they developed mass production methods to build houses quickly. These techniques were carried over to their postwar suburban developments. On May 7, 1947, William Levitt announced his plans to build 2,000 houses in a former potato field in the state of New York. Then, by the time this Levittown was completed in 1951, it had contained 17,450 homes for 75,000 people in New York. Levitt eventually built two more Levittowns, in the states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Each contained the same curving streets, community pools, and neighborhood parks, play grounds as the first development did.
Some observers criticized the monotonous uniformity of the Levittowns, charging that they are just the symbol of materialism, but Levittowns were overwhelmingly welcomed by the public. They were cheap, comfortable, efficient, and ideal for young people just starting out in life. Thousands of middle class people, especially some young couples, crowded in city apartments, or still living with their parents, rushed to purchase them. Fourteen hundred contracts were signed in one day in 1949.
Levittown symbolized the most significant social trend of the postwar era in the United States----the flight to the suburbs. The resulting massive shift in population from the central city to the suburbs was accompanied by a baby “boom” that started after soldiers returned home from World War II and got married. By 1960, one-third of the nation’s population lived in the suburbs. The nation underwent its greatest increase in population since 1910.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
A．Levittown was built by William Levitt with the mass-production method.
B．Levittown served as an ideal and leading example of social changes in the U. S. after World War II.
C．Increases in the population of the United States after the war.
D．Why there was a housing shortage after World War II
填空题
8、This is the first time(听到他们用法语交流)．
9、 在中国喝茶是一种仪式(ritual)，一种精致品味的展示(demonstration)。喝茶聊天是中国人中流行的打发时间的方式，过去，他们是以进有名的茶馆(teahouse)而开始一天的生活的。中国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。人们到这里不仅是为了喝茶，也是为了议论当地的新闻或对政治话题进行激烈的讨论。
简答题
10、1．目前，各高校均对大一新生进行军训
2．有人赞成，有人反对
3．我的观点
Is It Necessary to Continue Military Training for Freshmen?
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