听力AB
1. 听录音，回答11-61题：



A．Children should be taught to be more careful.
B．Children shouldn't drink so much orange juice.
C．There is no need for the man to make such a fuss.
D．Timmy should learn to do things in the right way.

2. QuesUons61-56are based on the following paassage
When we talk about Americans barely into adulthood who are saddled with uttbearable levels of debt, the conversation is almost always about student loan debt. But there's a growing body of evidence suggesting that today's young adults are also drowning in credit-card debt-and that many of them will take this debt to their graves.
More than 20% overspent their income by more than $100 every single month. Since they haven't built up their credit histories yet, it's a safe bet that theae young adults are paying relatively high interest rates on the resulting credit card debt.
Although many young people blame "Socializing" a~ a barrier to saving money, most of them aren't knocking back $ 20 drinks in trendy ( 时尚的) lounges. They're struggling with much more daily financial demands.
To a disturbingly large extent, the young and the broke are relying on credit cards to make it until their next payday. This obviously isn't sustainable in the long run, and it's going -to put a huge drag on, their spending power even after they reach their peak earning years, becattse they'll sttll be paying interest
on that bottle Of orange juice or box of spaghetti (意式面条) they bOUght a decade earlier.
A new study out of Ohio State University found that young adults are accumulating credit card debt at a more rapid rate than other age groups, and that they're slower at paying it off, "If what we found continues to hold true, we may have more elderly people with substantial financial problems in the future," warns Lucia Duma, professor of economics at Ohio State, "If our   persist, we may be
faced with a financial crisis among elderly ,people who can't pay off their credit cards, "
Dunn says a lot of these young people are never going to get out from under their credit card debt."Many people are borrowing on credit cards so heavily that payoff rates at these levels are not sufficient to recover their credit card debt by the end of their life, which could have loss implications for the credit card issuing banks. "
 

Wilt is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A．Many young Americans will never be able to pay off their debts.
B．Credit cards play an increasingly important role in college life.
C．Credit cards are doing more harm than student loans.
D．The American credit card system is under criticism.

3. 根据下列材料，请回答56-46题：
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Living in a time when an ever-increasing number of news providers push a constant stream of headlines at us every day, people cannot say they do not feel overwhelmed.
But what of it's the ways we choose to read the news that make us feel overwhelmed? An interesting new study conducted by Avery Holton and Iris Chyi from the University of Texas looks at the factors that contribute to the concept of information overload.
They surveyed more than 750 adults on their digital consumption habits and perceptions of information overload. What the findings suggest, Holton said, is that the news platforms a person is using can play a bigger role in making him feel overwhelmed than the sheer number of news sources being consumed. So even if you read The Huffington Post and The New York Times in a day, you may not feel as drowned with news ff you read on your phone instead of on your desktop. The more contained, or even constrained, aplat form feels, the more it can contribute to people feeling less overwhelmed, Holton said.
That may also explain why people have feelings of being overwhelmed by Facebook, which like reading on the web, can be a bottomless hole of stories, videos, and endless links. But it doesn't explain why people in the survey had different feelings towards Twitter, which can also be a stream of links.
One possible explanation is whether you define yourself" as a news fan. The survey asked people to report. how much they enjoyed keeping up with the new——people who said they did had less of a perception of information overload. If you're the type of person who wants to follow news during the day, it's likely you have an established routine and a set of sites you check regularly. You also may not need as much context around the news. All of that would make Twitter a good source for you.
Conversely, if you're more passive about following the news, you might need to make more , of an effort to find the right sources or find background or contextual information, which could lead to feelings of being overloaded, Holton said. "Knowing what you're looking for can decrease overload or perceptions of overload. So can constant engagement," he said.


The new study conducted by Avery Holton and Iris Chyi
A．examines how news providers take advantage of headlines
B．studies what can lead to the concept of information overload
C．discusses solutions for people who feel overwhelmed
D．reviews different attitudes to the digital consumption

4. 根据下列材料，请回答46-61题：
How Your Language Affects Your Wealth and Health
A． Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences.
B． There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For example, the famous marshmallow (棉花软糖． studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they did not eat that marshmallow and waited for the experimenter to come back, they would get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful young adults.
C． Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we ~o want that last slice of pizza. Some people are better at delaying satisfaction than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers.
D． Chen's recent, findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize (概念． the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.
E． Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, require their speakers m refer to the future explicitly. Every time English-speaker stalk about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will". In other languages, such as Mandarin (汉语普通话．, future markers are not obligatory. The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakersof languages such as Mandarin, future feels closer. As aconsequent, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.
F． Chen analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. Tiffs data includes people's economic decisions, such as whether they saved arty money last year, the languages they speak athome, demographics (人口统计特征．, and cultural factors such as "saving is an important cultural value for me". He also analyzed indvidual-level data on people's retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly. he analyzed national-level data that includes national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.
G． People's savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious affiliation(隶属关系． their countries' legal systems , and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people's savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English , makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well.
H． Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries' national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking a language that does not have obligatory future marker smakes national savings rates higher.
I． This is an unconventional way of explaining people's consumption-saving decisions and health-related behavior. More conventional factors include dispositional ( 意向的．, situational, motivational, and cultural factors. The marshmallow studies focus on dispositional factors-being able to delaysatis faction is an inherent ability. Other researches have looked at situational factors. For example, resear chers have shown that simply rearramging the placement of food and beverages (饮料．in acafeteria can improve sales of healthy items. Other research has focused on motivational factors. People often need to curb their current desire to consume in order to reach their future goal of getting out of debt. Researchers have shown that closing smaller debt accounts first gives a sense of accomplishment early on, boosts motivation, and increases the likelihood of completely getting rid of debt. The motivational effect is beneficial even if closing off smaller debt accounts does not make economic sense, for instance when the bigger debt accounts have higher interest rates attached to them. Other research has investigated cultural factors. It has been argued that Americans spend more than they need to because they want to emu/ate (仿效．the lifestyles and spending patterns of people who are much richer than themselves. Chen's findings suggest that maybe we should focus more on how we talk about the future in order to improve our inter termporal ( 跨期的 ． decision making.
J． These results also provide evidence for the language-cognition link, which has stirred some controversy among researchers. Early 20th century thinkers such as Ferdinand de Saussure and Ludwig Wittgenstein were among the first who argued that language can impact the way people think and act. More recently, Steven Pinker argued that we think in a universal grammar and languages do not significantly shape our thinking. The issue is still hotly debated.
K． At a more practical level, researchers have been looking for ways to help people act in accordance with their long-term interests. Recent findings suggest that making the future feel closer to the present might improve future-oriented behavior. For instance, researchers recently presented people with renderings of their future selves made using age-progression algorithms (运算法则． that forecast how physical appearances would change over time. One group of participants saw a digital representation of their current selves in a virtual mirror, and the other group saw an age-morphed (演变的．version of their future selves. Those participants who saw the age-morphed version of their future selves allocated more money toward a virtual savings account. The intervention brought people's future to the present and as a result they saved more for the future.
L． Chen's research shows that language structures our future-related thoughts. Chen's research points at the possibility that the way we talk about the future can shape our mindsets. Language can move the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have dramatic influences on our judgments and decisions.


Because Mandarin speakers feel the future is closer, it is easier for them to resist immediate impulses and to invest for the future
A．Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences.
B．There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For example, the famous marshmallow (棉花软糖． studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they did not eat that marshmallow and waited for the experimenter to come back, they would get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful young adults.
C．Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we ~o want that last slice of pizza. Some people are better at delaying satisfaction than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers.
D．Chen's recent, findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize (概念． the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.
E．Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, require their speakers m refer to the future explicitly. Every time English-speaker stalk about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will". In other languages, such as Mandarin (汉语普通话．, future markers are not obligatory. The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakersof languages such as Mandarin, future feels closer. As aconsequent, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.
F．Chen analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. Tiffs data includes people's economic decisions, such as whether they saved arty money last year, the languages they speak athome, demographics (人口统计特征．, and cultural factors such as "saving is an important cultural value for me". He also analyzed indvidual-level data on people's retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly. he analyzed national-level data that includes national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.
G．People's savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious affiliation(隶属关系． their countries' legal systems , and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people's savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English , makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well.
H．Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries' national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking a language that does not have obligatory future marker smakes national savings rates higher.
I．．
J．Chen's recent, findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize (概念) the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.
K．E
L．．
5. Questions61-1are based on the following passage.
　　Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it's painful? This might be called laziness,but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
　　During the hours when you labour through your work you may say that you're "hot". That's true.The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues as: "Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!" The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what the seenergy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
　　You can't change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help, Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late any way.Counteract your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning, but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour.This won't change your cycle, but you'll get up steam and work better at your low point.
　　Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiting more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.

If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably _____ .
A．he is a lazy person
B．he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
C．he is not sure when his energy is low
D．he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening

6. 听录音，回答1-1题：



A．She is going to stay at home.
B．She is going to fix the telephone.
C．She is going to call the telephone company.
D．She is going to work in the telephone company.

7. 听录音，回答1-36题：



A．Give his ankle a good rest.
B．Treat his injury immediately. 
C．Continue his regular activities.                
D．Be careful when climbing steps.

词汇理解
8. Questions 36-1 are based on the following passage.
　　Britain is not just one country and one people; even if some of its inhabitants think so. Britain is, infact, a nation which can be divided into several (36) __ parts, each part being an individual countrywith its own language, character and cultural (37) __. Thus Scotland, Northern Ireland and Walesdo not claim to (38) __ to "England" because their inhabitants are not (39) __ "English".They are Scottish, Irish or Welsh and many of them prefer to speak their own native tongue, which inturn is (40) ___ to the others.
　　These cultural minorities (少数名族) have been Britain's original inhabitants. In varying degreesthey have managed to (41) __ their national characteristics, and their particular customs and wayof life. This is probably even more ture of the (42)___areas where traditional life has not been soaffected by the (43) __ of industrialism as the border areas have been. The Celtic races are saidto be more emotional by nature than the English. An Irish temper is legendary. The Scots would rather(44) __ about their reputation for excessive thrift and prefer to be remembered for their folk songsand dances, while the Welsh are famous for their singing. The Celtic (45) __ as a whole produceshumorous writers and artists, such as the Irish Bernard Shaw, the Scottish Robert Bums, and the WelshDylan Thomas, to mention but a few.
A)incomprehensible
B)temper
C) remote
D) separate
E) understandable
F) forget
G) generally
H) temperament
I) preserve
J) strictly
K) traditions
L) reserve
M) growth
N) apply
O) belong

第(36)题________
长篇阅读
9. A) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.
B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.
C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.
Paper from Wood
D) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.
E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.
F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.
G) It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!
H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.
I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way.
J) Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.
Paper from Rag
K) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.
L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.
M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.

The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.

10. Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.{TSE}
Highways
A) Early in the 20th century, most of the streets and roads in the U. S. were made of dirt, brick, and cedar wood blocks. Built for horse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were usually poorly cared for and too narrow to accommodate (容纳) automobiles.
B) With the increase in auto production, private turnpike (收费公路) companies under local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved roads. Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John MacAdam (for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specifications stressed the importance of adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. During World War I, roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of trucks. When General Eisenhower returned from Germany in 1919, after serving in the U. S. Army’s first transcontinental motor convoy (车队), he noted: “The old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany’s Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land.”
C) It would take another war before the federal government would act on a national highway system. During World War II, a tremendous increase in trucks and new roads were required. The war demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort. Thirteen percent of defense plants received all their supplies by truck, and almost all other plants shipped more than half of their products by vehicle. The war also revealed that local control of highways had led to confusing variety of design standards. Even federal and state highways did not follow basic standards. Some states allowed trucks up to 36,000 pounds, while others restricted anything over 7,000 pounds. A government study recommended a national highway system of 33,920 miles and Congress soon passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, which called for strict, centrally controlled design criteria.
D) The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the century. To build its 44,000-mile web of highways, bridges and tunnels, hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out. Consider the many geographic features of the country: mountains, steep grades, wetlands, rivers, deserts, and plains. Variables included the slopes of the land, the ability of the pavement to support the load, the intensity of road use, and the nature of the underlying soil. Urban areas were another problem. Innovative designs of roadways, tunnels, bridges, overpasses, and interchanges that could run through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country, forever altering the face of America.
E) Long-span, segmented-concrete, cable-stayed bridges such as Hale Boggs in Louisiana and the Sunshine Skyway in Florida, and remarkable tunnels like Fort McHenry in Maryland and Mt. Baker in Washington, met many of the nation’s physical challenges. Traffic control systems and methods of construction developed under the interstate program soon influenced highway construction around the world, and were invaluable in improving the condition of urban streets and traffic patterns.
F) Today, the interstate system links every major city in the U. S. S. , and the U. S. with Canada and Mexico. Built with safety in mind, the highways have wide lanes and shoulders, dividing medians or barriers, long entry and exit lanes, curves engineered for safe turns, and limited access. The death rate on highways is half that of all other U. S. roads (0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 death per 100 million on all other roads).
G) By opening the North American continent, highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provided people with greater options in terms of jobs, access to cultural programs, health care, and other benefits. Above all, the interstate system provides individuals with what they cherish most: personal freedom of mobility.
H) The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation’s economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation: more than 75 percent of the nation’s freight deliveries arrive by truck; and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle. Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers. It has allowed the relocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban areas to rural.
I) By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved roads, residential streets, expressways, and freeways built to support millions of vehicles. The highway system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vision and leadership. The year construction began he said: “Together, the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear-----United States. Without them, we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts.”

Trucks are using the Interstate highways deliver more than half of the nation’s freight deliveries.