单项选择题
1、Questionsare based on the following passage.
Someday a stranger will read your e-mail without your permission or scan the Websites you've visited. Orperhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card purchases or cell phone bills to find out yourshopping preferences or calling habits.
In fact, it's likely some of these things have already happened to you. Who would watch you without yourpermission? It might be a spouse, a girlfriend, a marketing company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, theywill see you in a way you never intended to be seen--the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked.
Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it's important to reveal yourself to friends, family and loversin stages, at appropriate times. But few boundaries remain. The digital bread crumbs (碎屑) you leave　everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. In somecases, a simple Google search can reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a world where yousimply cannot keep a secret.
The key question is: Does that matter?
For many Americans, the answer apparently is "no."
When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say they are concerned about losing it. A survey foundan overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents saying they feel their privacy is"slipping away, and that bothers me."
But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effortto preserve their privacy. Few people turn down a discount at tollbooths (收费站) to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can track automobile movements. And few turn down supermarket loyalty cards. Privacyeconomist Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information likeSocial Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-offcoupon(优惠劵).
But privacy does matter--at least sometimes. It's like health: When you have it, you don't notice it. Only when
it's gone do you wish you'd done more to protect it.
What does the author mean by saying "the 21 st century equivalent of being caught naked" (Line 3, Para.2 )?
A．People's personal information is easily accessed without their knowledge.
B．In the 21 st century people try every means to look into others' secrets.
C．People tend to be more frank with each other in the information age.
D．Criminals are easily caught on the spot with advanced technology.


2、根据下列材料，请回答题：
How Your Language Affects Your Wealth and Health
A． Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences.
B． There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For example, the famous marshmallow (棉花软糖． studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they did not eat that marshmallow and waited for the experimenter to come back, they would get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful young adults.
C． Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we ~o want that last slice of pizza. Some people are better at delaying satisfaction than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers.
D． Chen's recent, findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize (概念． the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.
E． Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, require their speakers m refer to the future explicitly. Every time English-speaker stalk about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will". In other languages, such as Mandarin (汉语普通话．, future markers are not obligatory. The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakersof languages such as Mandarin, future feels closer. As aconsequent, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.
F． Chen analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. Tiffs data includes people's economic decisions, such as whether they saved arty money last year, the languages they speak athome, demographics (人口统计特征．, and cultural factors such as "saving is an important cultural value for me". He also analyzed indvidual-level data on people's retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly. he analyzed national-level data that includes national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.
G． People's savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious affiliation(隶属关系． their countries' legal systems , and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people's savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English , makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well.
H． Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries' national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking a language that does not have obligatory future marker smakes national savings rates higher.
I． This is an unconventional way of explaining people's consumption-saving decisions and health-related behavior. More conventional factors include dispositional ( 意向的．, situational, motivational, and cultural factors. The marshmallow studies focus on dispositional factors-being able to delaysatis faction is an inherent ability. Other researches have looked at situational factors. For example, resear chers have shown that simply rearramging the placement of food and beverages (饮料．in acafeteria can improve sales of healthy items. Other research has focused on motivational factors. People often need to curb their current desire to consume in order to reach their future goal of getting out of debt. Researchers have shown that closing smaller debt accounts first gives a sense of accomplishment early on, boosts motivation, and increases the likelihood of completely getting rid of debt. The motivational effect is beneficial even if closing off smaller debt accounts does not make economic sense, for instance when the bigger debt accounts have higher interest rates attached to them. Other research has investigated cultural factors. It has been argued that Americans spend more than they need to because they want to emu/ate (仿效．the lifestyles and spending patterns of people who are much richer than themselves. Chen's findings suggest that maybe we should focus more on how we talk about the future in order to improve our inter termporal ( 跨期的 ． decision making.
J． These results also provide evidence for the language-cognition link, which has stirred some controversy among researchers. Early 20th century thinkers such as Ferdinand de Saussure and Ludwig Wittgenstein were among the first who argued that language can impact the way people think and act. More recently, Steven Pinker argued that we think in a universal grammar and languages do not significantly shape our thinking. The issue is still hotly debated.
K． At a more practical level, researchers have been looking for ways to help people act in accordance with their long-term interests. Recent findings suggest that making the future feel closer to the present might improve future-oriented behavior. For instance, researchers recently presented people with renderings of their future selves made using age-progression algorithms (运算法则． that forecast how physical appearances would change over time. One group of participants saw a digital representation of their current selves in a virtual mirror, and the other group saw an age-morphed (演变的．version of their future selves. Those participants who saw the age-morphed version of their future selves allocated more money toward a virtual savings account. The intervention brought people's future to the present and as a result they saved more for the future.
L． Chen's research shows that language structures our future-related thoughts. Chen's research points at the possibility that the way we talk about the future can shape our mindsets. Language can move the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have dramatic influences on our judgments and decisions.

Because Mandarin speakers feel the future is closer, it is easier for them to resist immediate impulses and to invest for the future
A．Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences.
B．There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For example, the famous marshmallow (棉花软糖． studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they did not eat that marshmallow and waited for the experimenter to come back, they would get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful young adults.
C．Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we ~o want that last slice of pizza. Some people are better at delaying satisfaction than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers.
D．Chen's recent, findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize (概念． the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.
E．Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, require their speakers m refer to the future explicitly. Every time English-speaker stalk about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will". In other languages, such as Mandarin (汉语普通话．, future markers are not obligatory. The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakersof languages such as Mandarin, future feels closer. As aconsequent, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.
F．Chen analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. Tiffs data includes people's economic decisions, such as whether they saved arty money last year, the languages they speak athome, demographics (人口统计特征．, and cultural factors such as "saving is an important cultural value for me". He also analyzed indvidual-level data on people's retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly. he analyzed national-level data that includes national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.
G．People's savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious affiliation(隶属关系． their countries' legal systems , and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people's savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English , makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well.
H．Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries' national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking a language that does not have obligatory future marker smakes national savings rates higher.
I．．
J．Chen's recent, findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize (概念) the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.
K．E
L．．

3、 回答题：
        Marriage emerged as the most popular institution throughout history primarily because it was an effective arrangement to improve the care and upbringing of children. Marriage is not necessary to have children, but it has been of enormous importance in the rearing of children.
        With the sharp declines in birth rates since 1970 in Western and other rich countries, including much larger fractions of adults who do not have any children, both men and women have significantly increased　their ages marriage, and sharply raised their tendencies to divorce. In 1950, a typical woman and man married at ages 20.3 and 22.8 respectively, whereas now the typical marital ages are 26.0 and 27.7. These changes in age at mariage are related to reduced demand for many children, increased college education of both men and women but especially of women, much greater labor force participation of married and divorced women, and the narrowing of the gender gap in earnings.
        The most important economic and social concerns due to low marriage rates are the effects on roaring of children. These effects are not due to lower marriage rates alone, but rather to the close connection between these low rates and high divorce rates, and to the greater tendency of women to have children without being married, or without living with the fathers of their children.
        Although many single mothers do an absolutely wonderful job in raising their children, common sense and most academic findings suggest that having a father present during the raising of children generally has a positive effect on the development of non-cognitive ( 非认知性) traits of children, These include a general respect for authority and reduced rebelliousness in school, and the avoidance of gangs and other criminal activities. It also appears that the absence of fathers has a greater effect, on the non-cognitive traits of sons than daughters, although that is a less well-established finding.
        I am not claiming that children are worst oft" when their parents divorce if their parents were fighting a lot, or ff they bad abusive (粗暴的) fathers. Rather, it, appears that up to a significant point, children are, better off in intact families even when their families are not ideal.
What do we learn from the first paragraph about marriage?
A．It is primarily a necessary step to have children.
B．It meets resistance in Western and other rich countries.
C．It has a tremendous impact on the rearing of children.
D．It is the most important institution throughout history.


简答题
4、中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对 海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。 改革开放以来， 中国企业与海外企业一直 积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成 就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长， 而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将 继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企 业与国外企业进一步开展合作。

5、回答题：
　　A)Are you at a loss for creative book report ideas for your students?If yes．then this article will help you make reading and reviewing books more creative for your class．In an age of PSPs，Xbox，anime and gaming arcades，reading has lost its foothold in the list of hobbies that children tend to cite．
　　Most of the reading that kids do today,comes in the form of compulsory books that they need to read for school and maybe that is the reason they find reading to be an insurmountable and boring task．If you want to inculcate the love for languages and literary masterpieces in your students and want them to devour books everyone should read，then a good way of going about the same would be to get them to start working on creative book report ideas．While working on creative ideas for book reports，your students will have to understand the book in a way that allows them to come up with new ways to present to the class，the essence of the book．
　　B)As a teachel while egging your students to activate their creative gray cells．you will have to help them out with basic ideas that they can work on．Depending on the age bracket that your students belong to，the creative book report ideas will vary．This is so，not just because of the varying attention spans that children of various age groups posses but also because of the amount of work that kids can put into the report．While a middle school student wiIl be comfortable handling a handy cam，a student from elementary school will be more fascinated if he is working with paints and puppets．So do you want to know how to write a book report creatively?In this article．we will list out for you，a couple of good creative book report ideas for elementary students and for middle school students．
　　C)A book report sandwich is a good creative idea for book reports．As a teacher you can get drawings of a sandwich on sheets of Paper that are of the color of the ingredients of your sandwich，for example，a cream sheet of paper to resemble mayonnaise，red to represent tomato and likewise．Ob．
viously,each ingredient should be cut in a way that when assembled together,it looks like a sandwich．Now,give each of your students one of these book sandwiches to create their book report．
It can start with the name of the book and the author’s name on the top slice of the sandwich．The second ingredient can have the summary of the book on it．Each subsequent ingredient can have a description of the main characters，the setting of the book，the plot，and then his or her views about the book．Once they are done with their book reports，they can staple the book sandwich together and then，you can create a class bulletin board with all the book report sandwiches on display．
　　D)One of the good techniques to retell a story,it is also one of the favorite creative book report ideas among students．The job that the student will have is to read the book and then pick a few objects at his／her home which will allow him／her to retell the story in a way that makes it interesting for his／ her audience．Every time he／she picks out an object from the bag to report the book he／she has read， there has to be a valid connection between the book and the object，which the student can first ask the audience to guess and then go ahead and explain it．This idea is spin—off on the normal show and tells and allows for an interactive book report session．
　　E)This is one of the creative ideas for book reports in which．as the teacher, you will have to divideyour class into groups and give them one book each．The students can then read the book and get together and write a play and act it out for the class．To give a deeper insight into the book，one of the students can play the role of the author and as a group，the students can try and recreate the thought Drocess of the author．The student playing the role of the author can then interrupt the play at lmportant iunctllres and talk about the reasons for these twists in the play and how he／she came up with these plot lines．
　　F)As a voung adult，your student’s fascination may go beyond the immediate concerns of the book．
　　He／she may want to understand the circumstances in which the book was written，the times then，the events happening in the world and get the author’s perspective about the book．Encourage your students to mink on those lines．Divide the class into pairs and give each pair one book to read．Let them then do the roles of the author and a journalist．You can have an interview session in front of the class．enabling them to dissect the book and get a peek into the author’s world．
　　G)In a technology—obsessed world，it maybe a very tiny minority of your class that does not get excited with the Drospect of shooting a film．One of the best creative book report ideas for middle school， you will need to divide the class into groups and give them at least two months to adapt the book that thev have been assigned，into a film．The movie should have a well—adapted screenplay,and allother prerequisites，like a lighting engineer,sound engineer, costume designer,etc．At the end of the given time，the film can be screened in front of the class and then discussed．
　　H)If you are on the lookout for good individual creative book report ideas，then this one could be for you．Assign every student a book and then ask them to start maintaining a diary,from the author’sDoint of vie w．Ask them to come up with imaginary incidents from the author’s life and use historical events to explain why the author wrote the book in a certain manner．Alternately, you can also ask your students to give a surrogate ending to the story．
  I)These are just few of the options that you could use to inspire your students to come up with creative book report ideas．As kids we tend to be more imaginative and creative .Encourage your students to mink om of the box and appreciate them for their efforts．This will help you have a class that is not only lively and inquisitive by nature but also a class that will cultivate a love for words．
Teachers can create a class bulletin board to display all the book report sandwiches after their students finish their reports．

6、1．网上购物越来越受到人们的欢迎：
2．简述网络购物的好处和所面临的挑战；
3．请简述你是怎样看待网上购物的。

7、诗歌是早的文学体裁，它以抒情的方式，高度集中地反映社会生活。在文字出现以前，诗歌就已经存在了，因为诗歌源于劳动。诗歌是有节奏、有韵律并富有感情色彩的一种语言艺术形式，也是世界上古老、基本的文学形式。《诗经》(Book of C | ass i c Poetry)是我国早的一部诗歌总集，它收集了自西周初年至春秋时期大约五百多年的三百零五篇诗歌，在中国文学发展史上占有突出的地位。


8、我国是茶叶的原产地，茶叶产量堪称世界之。饮茶在我国，不仅是一种生活习惯，更是一种源远流长的文化传统。中国人习惯以茶待客，并形成了相应的饮茶礼仪。按照我国传统文化的习俗，无论在任何场合，敬茶与饮茶的礼仪(the et i quette to offer tea and dr i nk tea)都是不可忽视的一环。以茶待客时。一般应当事先将茶沏好，装入茶杯，然后放在茶盘之内端入客厅。如果客人较多，务必要多备上几杯茶，以防供不应求。


9、You should write a short essay entitled RecreationalActivities．
写作蟹航
1．娱乐活动多种多样，
2．娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能带来危害性；
3．提出自己的想法。


10、 A）Swamped (忙碌的), under the gun, just struggling to stay above water...; whateveroffice cliche you employto depict it. we've all been in that situation where wefeel like we might be swallowed up by our workload.Nonetheless many a way maybe used to manage your to-do list to prevent feeling overwhelmed. How tomakepeace with your workload once and for all goes as follows.
B）Getorganized.  "Clear the deadwood outof your desk and keep your office in shape, which enhances yourcapability tohandle other tasks and raises the probability that you'll retrieve the itemsyou do need in a fasterand easier fashion," says Jeff Davidson who worksas a work/life expert and writer of more than 50 books onworkplace issues."When something can be disposed, let i! go, given in reality most of whatyou retain isreplaceable." Joel Rudy, vice president of operations forPhotographic Solutions, with better than thirty yearsof business managementexperience, believes that keeping organized is a must.  "Messy work areas arenonproductive insome measure. Provided that you can't locate a document or report easily becauseit's lost in　 apile of mess, then you have a problematic situation," he says."Thereby you are supposed to take the time totidy up your work areas andkeep your important files, manuals and reports in an accessible location,whichwill maximize your efficiencies."
C）Make ato-do list, then cover it up. It may sound weird, but it works, says JessicaCarlson, an accountexecutive at Bluefish Design Studio which is an advertisingconsulting firm. Carlson urges her team to utilizeto-do lists to stay on trackand highlight items that are a priority. "Cover up the list, with theexception of onehigh-priority task at one time," she suggests.  "This will allow you to focus better onthe task at hand;otherwise, it will be easy to get overwhelmed if you're readingthrough a to-do list that spans an entire page.Concentrating on a single itemwill make your tasks appear like they are more doable," Carlson says.
D）Stopmultitasking. Despite what you may consider multitasking, it'scounterproductive. Unless you're drinkingcoffee while scanning your morninge-mails, you're not saving any time by attempting to do ten things atonce.  "If you find yourself getting tangled intoo many things, it may be of much necessity of you to re-- evaluate yourinvolvement," Rudy says. "Your mind will wander from one topic toanother and you.may endup never accomplishing a thing." Rudy recommendsthe best way to stop multitasking is to create priority listswith deadlines."When applicable, complete one project before you move further on to thenext one," he says.
E）Set timelimits. Deborah Chaddock-Brown, a work-at-home s'.mgle parent, says she'sfrequently overwhelmedby the demands of maintaining order in her residence andrunning her own business. Still, she manages to "doit all" by settinga time limit for each task. "I have the type of personality thatflits (轻轻地掠过)from thingto thing because I do have so much on my plate,"Brown says. "As a consequence I assign time slots: For thenext 15 minutesI will participate in Social media for the purpose of marketing mybusiness  (not sendingphotos or playingFarmville)and that is the only thing I am about to do for the next 15 minutes.When thetime is up, I move on to the next task. That way, at night I don't endup with a pile of tasks to accomplish eventhough I felt busy all day."
F）Talk toyour manager.  "Quite often, peopleare working on things that are no longer a top priority, butsomeone forgot totell them  (that they're no longerimportant). There are usually clear priorities in themanager's head; he or shehas just not done a great job communicating those with the employee," saysHollyGreen, CEO of The Human Factor. Green's suggestion unfoldsin thismanner:  "If you find yourselfconfrontedwith too many responsibilitieS, sit down， note the significantthings you are in charge of, and go toyour manager to have a conversation todiscuss priorities, trade-offs,  timecommitments andinterdependencies required to do each thing well, and then ask whatyou should stop working on or work onless so you can get the right thingsdone." Greefi says managers should be willing to help sort out priorities,solong as employees have a can-do approach and aren't just complaining abouttheir workload.
G）Eliminatetime wasters. "If interruptions are l keeping you from yourresponsibilities, learn how to deal withthem accordingly," says EileenRoth, author of Organizing for Dummies. Roth proposes the followingsuggestionsto combat disruptions:  "Use voicemail to cut down on telephone interruptions, turn offthe alertthat says  "You've got an e-mail' and give staffmembers a set time to visit you." Justin Gramm, president ofGlobellaBuyers Realty, exemplifies Roth's point. "E-mail had been a big time waster for me in the pastbecause it wasa constant interruption, causing me to lose focus on the task at hand," hesays. Sincedetermined to check his e-mails only twice a day, Gramm says he hasbecome much more efficient. "If peoplewant to get more work done, theyneed to stop checking e-mails and get down to business," he says.
H）Assessyour workload before taking on new tasks. "The paradox of today's workenvironment is that the moreyou do, the more that's expected of you,"Davidson says. In order to better assess your workload, Davidsonsuggests askingyourself the following questions before agreeing to undertake newresponsibilities: Is the taskaligned (使一致)with your prioritiesand goals; Are you likely to be as prone to saying yes to such arequesttomorrow or next week; what else could you do that would be morerewarding; what other pressing tasks andresponsibilities are you likely toface; Does the other party have options other than you; Will he or shebecrushed if you say no?
I）Want to know more? Most of our expertsrecommended books for additional tips on how to maximizeefficiency, but onebook was mentioned time and again. Check out The Seven Habits of HighlyEffectivePeople.
"The more you do, the more you are expected to do" has been a paradoxin today's work environment.