单项选择题
1、根据材料，回答题：
Why Teenagers Really Do Need an Extra Hour in Bed?
A) "Making teens start school in the morning is 'cruel' ," brain doctor claims. So declared a British newspaper headline in 2007 after a talk I gave at an academic conference.  One disbelieving reader responded:  " This man sounds brain-dead. "
B) That was a typical reaction to work I was reporting at the time on teenage sleep patterns and their effect on performance at school. Six years on there is growing acceptance that the structure of the academic day needs to take account of adolescent sleep patterns. The latest school to adopt a later start time is the UCL Academy in London; others are considering following suit.
C) So what are the facts about teenage sleep, and how should society adjust to these needs? The biology of human sleep timing, like that of other mammals, changes as we age. This has been shown in many studies. As adolescence begins, bedtimes and waking times get later. This trend continues until 19.5 years in women and 21 in men. Then it reverses. At 55 we wake at about the time we woke prior to adolescence. On average this is two hours earlier than adolescents. This means that for a teenager, a 7 a.m. alarm call is the equivalent of a 5 a.m. start for a person in their 50s.
D) Precisely why this is so is unclear but the shifts related with changes in hormones (荷尔蒙) at adolescence and the decline in those hormones as we age. However, biology is only part of the  problem. Additional factors include a more relaxed attitude to bedtimes by parents, a general disregard  for the importance of sleep, and access to TVs, DVDs, PCs, gaming devices, cell phones and so on,  all of which promote alertness and eat into time available for sleep.
E) The amoount of sleep teenagers get varies between countries, geographic region and social class, but all  studies show they are going to bed later and not getting as much sleep as they need because of early  school starts.
F) Mary Carskadon at Brown University in Providence. Rhode Island, who is a pioneer in the area of  adolescent sleep, has shown that teenagers need about 9 hours a night to maintain full alertness and academic perforruance. My own recent observations at a UK school in Liverpool suggested many were getting just 5 hours on a school night. Unsurprisingly. teachers reported students dozing in class.
G) Evidence that sleep is important is overwhelming. Elegant research has demonstrated its critical role in memory improvement and our ability to generate wise sohitions to complex problems. Sleep disruption may increase the level of the stress. Excited behaviors, lack of empathy, sense of humor and mood are similarly affected. All in all, a tired adolescent is a moody, insensitive, angry and stressed one. Perhaps less obviously, sleep loss is associated with metabolic (新陈代谢的) changes. Long-term lack of sleep might be an important factor for negative conditions such as diabetes (糖尿病), overweight and high blood pressure.
H) Adolescents are increasingly using stimulants to compensate for sleep loss, and caf, feinated (含咖啡咽的) and/or sugary drinks are the usual choice. So a caffeinated drink late in the day delays sleep at night. Tiredness also increases the likelihood of taking up smoking.
I) In the US, the observation that teenagers have biologically delayed sleep patterns compared to adults prompted several schools to put back the start of the school day. An analysis of the impact by Kyla Wahlstrom at the University of Minnesota found that academic performance was enhanced, as was attendance. Sleeping in class declined, as did self-reported depression. In the UK, Monkseaton High School near Newcastle instituted a 10 am start in 2009 and saw a progress in academic perfomance. J) However, a later start by itself is not enough. Society in general, and teenagers in particular, must start to take sleep seriously. Sleep is not a luxury but a ftmdamental biological need, enhancing creativity, productivity, mood and the ability to interact with others.
K) ff you are dependent upon an alarm clock, or parent, to get you out of bed ; if you take a long time to wake up; if you feel sleepy and impatient during the day; ff your behavior is overly impulsive, it means you are probably not getting enough sleep. Take control. Ensure the bedroom is a place that promotes sleep-dark and not too warm-don't text, use a computer or watch TV for at least half an hour before trying to sleep avoid avoid bright lights. Try not to nap during the day, and seek out natural light in the morning to adjust the body clock and sleep patterns to an earlier time. Avoid caffeinated drinks after lunch.
L) It is my strongly held View, based upon the evidence, that the efforts of dedicated (专注的，投入的) teachers and the money spent on school facilities will have a greater impact and education will be more rewarding when, collectively, teenagers, parents, teachers and school governors start to take sleep seriously. In the universal language of school reports: we must do better.

In the US and UK, several schools that have delayed the start of the school day witnessed a progress in academic performance.

2、Questions are based on the following passage．


belleve．
        Federal support of homeovcnership greatly overvalues its meaning in American life．Through tax breaks and guarantees.the government__39__homeownership to its peak in 2004，when 69 percent of American households owned homes．Subsidies for homeownership，__40__ the mortgage(抵押)interest deduction，reached$230 billion in 2009，according to the Congressional Budget         Office．Meanwhile．only$60 billion in tax breaks and spending programs __41__ renters．
The result of this real estate spending craze?According to the Federal Reserve，American real estate lost more than$6 tril]ion in__42__，or almost 30 percent．between 2006 and 2010．One in five American homeoumers is underwater. owing more on a mortgage than what the home is__43__．
        Those who profit most from homeownemhip are definitely the largest source of political campaign  __44__．Insurance companies．securities and investment firms，real estate interests．and commercial banks gave more than$100 million to federal candidates and parties in 2011．according to the Center for Responsive Politics．
        Homeownership is more impollanl to__45__ interests than it is to most Americans，who，according to the research，care more about“a good job”,“the pursuit of happiness”and“freedom”．
A．mded
B．attributed
C．benefit
D．boosted
E．contributions
F．difference
G．expected
H．fmancially
I．including
J．political
K．rapidly
L．special
M．surveyed
N．value
O．worth

36_________

简答题
3、

　　A) Today, it is not distance, but culture that separates the peoples of the world. The central question of  our time may be how to deal with cultural differences. So begins the book, Endangered Peoples, by Art Davidson. It is an attempt to provide understanding of the issues affecting the world's native peoples. This book tells the stories of 21 tribes, cultures, and cultural areas that are struggling to survive. It tells  each story through the voice of a member of the tribe .Mr. Davidson recorded their words. Art Wolfe and  John Isaac took pictures of them. The organization called the Sierra Club published the book.
　　B) The native groups live far apart in North America or South America, Africa or Asia. Yet their situations are similar. They are fighting the march of progress in an effort to keep themselves and their  cultures alive. Some of them follow ancient ways most of the time. Some follow modern ways most  of the time. They have one foot in ancient world and one foot in modern world. They hope to coninue to balance between these two worlds. Yet the pressures to forget their traditions and join the   modern world may be too great.
　　C) Rigoberta Menchu of Guatemala, the Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1992, offers her thoughts in the  beginning of the book Endangered Peoples. She notes that many people claim that native people  are like stories from the past. They are ruins that have died. She disagrees strongly. She says native communities are not remains of the past. They have a future, and they have much wisdom and richness to offer the rest of the world.
　　D) Art Davidson traveled thousands of miles around the world while working on the book. He talked  to many people to gather their thoughts and feelings. Mr. Davidson notes thattheir desires are the  same. People want to remain themselves~ he says. They want to raise their children the way they  were raised. They want their children to speak their mother tongue, their own language. They want them to have their parents' values and customs. Mr. Davidson says the people's cries are the same:     "Does our culture have to die? Do we have to disappear as a people?"
　　E) Art Davidson lived for more than 25 years among native people in the American state of Alaska. He  says his interest in native peoples began his boyhood when he found an ancient stone arrowhead. The arrowhead was used as a weapon to hunt food. The hunter was an American Indian, long dead.   Mr. Davidson realized then that Indians had lived in the state of Colorado, right where he was standing. And it was then, he says, that he first wondered: "Where are they? Where did they go? "He     found answers to his early question. Many of the native peoples had disappeared. They were forced  off their lands. Or they were killed in battle. Or they died from diseases brought by new settlers.  Other native peoples remained, but they had to fight to survive the pressures of the modern world.
　　F) The Gwich'in are an example of the survivors. They have lived in what is now Alaska and Canada  for 10,000 years. Now about 5,000 Gwich'in remain. They are mainly hunters. They hunt the caribou, a large deer with big horns that travels across the huge spaces of the far north. For centuries, they have used all parts of the caribou: the meat for food, the skins for clothes, the bones for tools.  Hunting caribou is the way of life of the Gwich'in.
　　G) One Gwich'in told Art Davidson of memories from his childhood. It was a time when the tribe lived  quietly in its own corner of the world. He spoke to Mr. Davidson in these words: "Aslong as I can   remember, someone would sit by a fire on the hilltop every spring and autumn. His job was to look  for caribou. If he saw a caribou, he would wave his arms or he would make hisfire to give off more  smoke. Then the village would come to life! People ran up to the hilltop. The tribes seemed to be at  its best at these gatherings. We were all filled with happiness and sharing!"
　　H) About ten years ago, the modern world invaded the quiet world of the Gwich'in. Oil companies  wanted to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Preserve. This area was the plaeewhere the  caribou gave birth to their young. The Gwich'in feared the caribou would disappear. One Gwich'in  woman describes the situation in these words: "Oil development threatens the caribou. If the caribou are threatened, then the people are threatened. Oil company official and American lawmakers do  not seem to understand. They do not come into our homes and share our food. They have never tried to  understand the feeling expressed in our songs and our prayers.They have not seen the old people cry. Our  elders have seen parts of our culture destroyed. Theyworry that our people may disappear forever."
　　I)  A scientist with a British oil company dismisses (驳回，打消) the fears of the Gwich'in. He also  says they have no choice. They will have to change. The Gwich'in, however, are resisting. They  took legal action to stop the oil companies. But they won only a temporary ban on oil development   in the Arctic National Wildlife Preserve.Pressures continue on other native people, as Art Davidson   describes in his book. Thepressures come from expanding populations, dam projects that flood tribal   lands, and political and economic conflicts threaten the culture, lands, and lives of such groups as the Quechua of Peru, the Malagasy of Madagascar and the Ainu of Japan.
　　J)  The organization called Cultural Survival has been in existence for 22 years. It tries to protect the   rights and cultures of peoples throughout the world. It has about 12,000 members. And it receives  help from a large number of students who work without pay. Theodore MacDonald is director of the  Cultural Survival Research Center. He says the organization has three main jobs. It does research  and publishes information. It works with native people directly. And it creates markets for goods  produced by native communities.
　　K) Late last year, Cultural Survival published a book called State of the Peoples: a Global Human   Rights Report on Societies in Danger. The book contains reports from researchers who work for Cultural Survival, from experts on native peoples, and from native peoples themselves. The book  describes the conditions of different native and minority groups. It includes longer reports about  several threatened societies, including the Penan of Malaysia and the Anishinabe of North American. And it provides the names of organizations similar to Cultural Survival for activists, researchers  and the press.
　　L) David Maybury-Lewis started the Cultural Survival organization. Mr. Maybury-Lewis believes  powerful groups rob native peoples of their lives, lands, or resources. About 6,000 groups are left in  the world. A native group is one that has its own langue. It hasa long-term link to a homeland. And  it has governed itself. Theodore MacDonald says Cultural Survival works to protect the rights of  groups, not just individual people. He says the organization would like to develop a system of early   warnings when these rights are threatened .Mr. MacDonald notes that conflicts between different   groups within a country have been going on forever and will continue. Such conflicts, he says, cannot be prevented. But they do not have to become violent. What Cultural Survival wants is to help set up methods that lead to peaceful negotiations of traditional differences. These methods, he says,  are a lot less costly than war.
根据以上内容，回答题。
Rigoberta Menchu, the Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1992, writes preface for the book Endangered Peoples.

4、1．很多大学生在业余时间开网店赚钱
2．有人支持，有人反对
3．我的看法
On Students Running Online Shops
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5、十二生肖(Chinese Zodia)是计算一个人年龄的普遍方式。十二生肖包括十二种动物，分别是鼠、牛、虎、兔、龙、蛇、马、羊、猴、鸡、狗和猪，分别对应中国传统文化中的十二地支(twelve Earthly Branches)。中国有很多关于十二生肖的民间故事和传说。其中一个说的是轩辕帝(Yellow Emperor)想选十二种动物作为皇家守卫，猫知道这个消息后告诉了鼠，希望鼠可以提醒他一起去，但是鼠忘记了这件事，单独去了，因此猫没有出现在十二生肖中。自此猫和鼠就成了天敌。
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。


6、北京市交通发达。交通工具多样化。公交车是普通老百姓出门的主要交通工具。每辆大型公共汽车的前、后门各有一位售票员招呼乘客，票价一律1元起价。空调公共汽车的票价为2元至11元。学生票可以打四折(60％d i scount)。北京的出租车也很发达，出租车随处可见，非常方便。在机场、火车站和旅游地，都有出租车昼夜服务。北京地铁是新中国条地铁，三十多年来，累计运送乘客近60亿人次。


7、在中国历史文明中，庆祝春节的习俗很多，至今在民间保存广的习俗之一则是贴春联(Spr i ng Fest j va | coup | ets)。春联以工整、对偶、简洁、精巧的文字描绘时代背景，抒发美好愿望，是我国特有的文学形式。每逢春节，无论城市还是农村，家家户户都要精选一幅大红春联贴于门上，为节日增加喜庆气氛。这一习俗起于宋代，在明代开始盛行，到了清代，春联的思想性和艺术性都有了很大的提高。


8、You should write a composition on the topic Digital Age．
写作导航
1．如今数字化产品得到越来越广泛的使用；
2．数字化产品的使用对人们的工作、学习、生活产生的影响。
3．做出总结。


9、You should write a short essay entitled RecreationalActivities．
写作蟹航
1．娱乐活动多种多样，
2．娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能带来危害性；
3．提出自己的想法。


10、 
 
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