根据以下内容回答题
Is College a Worthy Investment?
A．Why are we spending so much money on college? Andwhy are we so unhappy about it? We all seem to  agree that a college education is wonderful, and yet strangely we worry when we see families investing   so much in this supposedly essential good. Maybe it's time to ask a question that seems almost sacrilegious (大不敬) : is all this investment in college education really worth it?
B． The answer. I fear, is no. For an increasing number of kids, the extra time and money spent pursuing a college diploma will leave them worse off than they were before they set foot on campus.
C．For my entire adult life, a good education has been the most important thing for middle-class households. My parents spent more educating my sister and me than they spent on their house, and  they're not the only ones.., and, of course, for an increasing number of families, most of the cost of  their house is actually the cost of living in a good school district. Questioning the value of a college    education seems a bit like questioning the value of happiness, or tim.
D．The average price of all goods and services has risen about 50 percent. But the price of a college    education has nearly doubled in that time. Is the education that today's students are getting twice as  good? Are new workers twice as smart? Have they become somehow massively more expensive to educate?
E ．Perhaps a bit. Richard Vedder, an Ohio University economics professor, says, "I look at the data, and   I see college costs rising faster than inflation up to the mid-1980s by 1 percent a year. Now I see them  rising 3to 4 percent a year over inflation. What has happened? The federal government has started  dropping money out of airplanes. " Aid has increased, subsidized (补贴的) loans have become    available, and "the universities have gotten the money. " Economist Bryan Caplan, who is writing a  book about education, agrees: "It's a giant waste of resources that will continue as long as the    subsidies continue. "
F．Promotional literature for colleges and student loans often speaks of debt as an "investment in   yourself. " But an investment is supposed to generate income to pay off the loans. More than haft of all recent graduates are tmemployed or in jobs that do not require a degree, and the amount of student- loan debt carried by households has increased more than five times since 1999. These graduates were    told that a diploma was all they needed to succeed, but it won't even get them out of the spare  bedroom at Mom and Dad's. For many, the most visible result of their four years is the loan payments, which now average hundreds of dollars a month on loan balances in the tens of thousands.
G．It's true about the money--sort of. College graduates now make 80 percent more than people who have only a high-school diploma, and though there are no precise estimates, the wage premium (高出的部分) for an outstanding school seems to be even higher. But that's not true of every student. It's very  easy to spend four years majoring in English literature and come out no more employable than you    were before you went in. Conversely, chemical engineers straight out of school can easily make almost four times the wages of an entry-level high-sch0ol graduate.
H． James Heckman, the Nobel Prize-winning economist, has examined how the returns on education  break down for individuals with different backgrounds and levels of ability. "Even with these high  prices, you're still finding a high return for individuals who are bright and motivated," he says. On the  other hand, "if you're not college ready, then the answer is no, it's not worth it. " Experts tend to    agree that for the average student, college is still worth it today, but they also agree that the rapid  increase in price is eating up more and more of the potential return. For borderline students,  tuition ( 学费) rise can push those returns into negative territory.
I． Everyone seems to agree that the government, and parents, should be rethinking how we invest in  higher education-and that employers need to rethink the increasing use of college degrees as crude screening tools for jobs that don't really require college skills, "Employers seeing a surplus of college  graduates and looking to fill jobs are just adding that requirement," says Vedder. "In fact, a college    degree becomes a job requirement for becoming a bar-tender. "
J． We have started to see some change on the fmance side. A law passed in 2007 allows many students to  cap their loan payment at 10 percent of their income and forgives any balance after 25 years. Bnt of course, that doesn't control the cost of education; it just shifts it to taxpayers. It also encourages  gradimtes to choose lower-paying careers, which reduces the financial return to education still further. "You're subsidizing people to become priests and poets and so forth," says Heckman. "You may think that's a good thing, or you may not. " Either way it will be expensive for the government.
K． What might be a lot cheaper is putting more kids to work. Caplan notes that work also btfilds valuable skills--probably more valuable for kids who don't naturally love sitting in a classroom. Heckman agrees wholeheartedly:" People are different, and those abilities can be shaped. That's what we've learned, and public policy should recognize that. "
L． Heckman would like to see more apprenticeship-style (学徒式) programs, where kids can learn in the  workplace  learn not just specific job skills, but the kind of "soft skills," like getting to work on time  and getting along with a team, that are crucial for career success, "It's about having mentors (指导者) and having workplace-based education," he says. "Time  and again I've seen examples of this kind of program working. "
M． Ah, but how do we get there from here? With better public policy, hopefully, but also by making  better individual decisions. "Historically markets have been able to handle these things," says Vedder, "and I think eventually markets will handle this one. ff it doesn't improve soon, people are going to wake up and ask, 'Why am I going to college?'"

Caplan suggests that kids who don't love school go to work,


2、回答题：


A．academic
B．access
C．accompany
D．clearly
E．comprehension
F．context
G．enables
H．encountered
I．enhances
J．entertaining
K．exposes
L．independenfly
M．specific
N．stick
O．survival

36.___________


3、根据以下资料，回答题：
Directions：In this section，you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it．Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs．Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived．You may choose a paragraph more than once．Each paragraph is marked with a letter．Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2．
Here’s the Totally Amazing Wonder Material That Could Revolutionize Technology
A．In the technology industry,every new product or service seems to come with the promise that it is an innovation with the potential to change the world．Graphene(石墨烯)，a form of carbon，might actually do just that．
B．“Graphene is a wonderful material，”Jeanie Lau，a professor of physics at the University of California at Riverside，told Fortune．“It conducts heat 10 times better than copper and electricity 100 times better than silicon，is transparent like plastic，extremely lightweight,extremely strong,yet flexible and elastic．In the past decade，it has taken the scientific and technology communities by storm，and has become the most promising electronic material to supplement or replace silicon．”
C．Graphene has already found its way into a number of compelling applications，Lau said．For instance，“since it is both transparent and electrically conductive—two attributes rarely found in the same material in nature—it has tremendous potential as the transparent electrode in monitors．displays；solar cells，and touch screens，”she explained．“Companies such as Samsung that invest heavily in this area have already secured patents，produced prototypes，and are expected to bring products to market in a few years．”Wearable electronic devices，aviation components，broadband photodetectors(光电检测器)，radiation-resistant coatings，sensors，and energy storage are among numerous other areas of active research．Lau said．
D．For many researchers and investors，the ultimate application is graphene-based transistors，the building blocks of modem electronics．But getting there may take some time．
A child of graphite
E．First produced in a lab back in 2004，graphene is essentially a single layer of pure carbon atoms bonded together in a honeycomb lattice so thin it’s actually considered two-dimensional．“We generally regard anything less than 10 layers of graphene as graphene；otherwise，it’s graphite，”said Aravind Vijayaraghavan，a lecturer in nanomaterials at the University of Manchester．
F．Even“graphene”is a bit of an umbrella term．“To oversimplify,there are two major types of graphene，”Michael Patterson，CEO of Graphene Frontiers，said．The first：“Nanoplatelets，”which are powders or flakes made from graphite．These have been around for a while and are“not really super-sexy,”Patterson said．“You mix them into polymers(聚合物)or inks or rubbers to make them conductive．”In flake form，graphene is already on its way to becoming a commodity,Patterson added．The other type—in sheet or film form—is where graphene’s biggest promise lies．Graphene sheets have“incredible potential for electronics，”Patterson said．In the near term，that potential may manifest in situations where the quantity requirements are“not that great”and where quality or conductivity doesn’t have to be as high，such as in basic touch-screen applications，he said．Products that use graphene in this way could arrive to market in the next six to 1 2 months．
G．Looking a little further out，graphene can be employed in membranes used for water desalination．Lockheed-Martin already has a patented product known as Perforene．“It’s real and it works，but it won’t be economically viable until the product reaches an industrial scale where the cost is measured in pennies per square inch”rather than dollars or tens of dollars per square inch，Patterson explained．
“That’s where we’re working today．”
‘It’s expensive and low-capacity’
H．But use of graphene in semiconductors—the technology’s Holy Grail—is likely a decade away．“Many of the challenges presented by graphene are common to most new materials，”Paul Smith,a patent associate with the Intellectual Property Law Group at Fenwick & West，told Fortune．“The trick is figuring out how to synthesize graphene in a way that first is manufacturable beyond lab scale；second，preserves the desirable properties of the material；and third，can be integrated into a product or technology．”
D．Synthesizing graphene in sheet form is considerably more expensive and time-consuming than producing graphene flakes．Whereas the latter typically involves a“quick and dirty”process by which bulk graphite is disassembled into millions of tiny pieces，Lau explained，large sheets of graphene are carefully“grown”on substrates(基板)such as copper，germanium，or silicon carbide．
J．Graphene sheets are also prone to defects and“very difficult to make in good quality,”Ron Mertens，owner and editor of Graphene-Info．tom，said．Production capacity is also very limited．“There are thousands of small companies that can make graphene，but it’s expensive and low-capacity,”Mertens said．alround wafer measuring one inch in diameter,for instance，costs about$1 00，he added．
K．An even thornier obstacle on the way to graphene transistors is the fact that the material has no“band gap，”an essential property that allows transistors to be turned on and off without leaking electronic charge in the“off”state，said Elias Towe，a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Carnegie Mellon University．
L．“Band-gap engineering has been and remains the biggest challenge in the development of graphene transistors and computer chips．”Lau said．It requires controlling the material almost down at the atomic level，and“that’s really pushing the edges of existing technology,”Patterson said．“In 10 years，we’11 start to see these problems solved．”
‘It is largely a matter of time’
M．If graphene is to succeed as a replacement for silicon，every unit of cost and performance will make a difference，Towe said．
N．“Silicon is hard to displace，with all the billions dollars of investments made in manufacturing infrastructure，”he said．“A replacement for silicon has to offer extraordinary performance at extremely rock-bottom cost to compel industry to change its way．”
O．Though graphene is just 10 years old—in contrast,use of silicon in transistors dates to the early 1950s—considerable progress has already been made．For example，the largest graphene sheet was produced by hand in a laboratory eight years ago；its width was less than that of a human hair．“Nowadays，roll-to-roll printing of graphene sheets up to 1 00 meters long has been achieved，”Lau said．“With the increasing interest，investment，and research in graphene-based technology,I think it is largely a matter of time before the economy of scale kicks in and truly low-cost，large-scale production ofhigh-quality graphene is accomplished，”she added．
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

Nanoplatelet is the powder-or flake-type of graphene that has been used for some time to make conductors and that is being launched on the market．


4、根据以下资料，回答题：
Wbrld Must Adapt to Unknown Climate Future
A．There is still great uncertainty about the impacts of climate change，according to the latest report from the Intefgovernmental Panel on Climate Change，released today．So if we are to survive and prosper, rather than trying to fend off specific threats like cyclones，we must build flexible and resilient(有弹性的)societies．
B．Today’s report is the second of three instalments(分期连载)of the IPCC’s fifth assessment of climate change．The first instalment，released last year,covered the physical science of climate change．It stated with increased certainty that climate change is happenin9，and that it is the result of humanity’s greenhouse gas emissions．The new report focuses on the impacts of climate change and how to adapt to them．The third instalment，on how to cut greenhouse gas emissions，comes out in April．
C．The latest report backs off from some of the predictions made in the previous IPCC report，in 2007．During the final editing process．the authors also retreated from many of the more confident projections from the final draft，leaked last year．The IPCC now says it often cannot predict which specific impacts of climate change—such as droughts，storms or floods——will hit particular places．
D．Instead，the IPCC focuses on how people call adapt in the face of uncertainty,arguing that we must become resilient against diverse changes in the climate．“The natural human tendency is to want things to be clear and simple．”says the report’s co-chair Chris Field of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Stanford，Califomia．“And one of the messages that doesn’t just come from the IPCC，it comes from history,is that the future doesn’t ever turn out the way you think it will be．”That means，Field adds，that‘'being prepared for a wide range of possible futures is iust always smart”．
E.Here New Scientist breaks down what is new in the report，and what it means for humanity’s efforts to cope with a changing climate．A companion article，“How climate change will affect where you live”，highlights some of the key impacts that different regions are facing．What has changed in the new IPCC report?
F.In essence，the predictions are intentionally vaguer．Much of the firlner language from the 2007 report about exactly what kind of weather to expect，and how changes witl affect people，has been replaced with more cautious statements．The scale and timing of many regional impacts，and even the form of some，now appear uncertain．
G.For example，the 2007 report predicted that the intensity of cyclones over Asia would increase by 10to 20 per cent．The new report makes no such claim．Similarly,the last report estimated that climate change would force up to a quarter of a billion Africans into water shortage by the end of this decade．The new report avoids using such firm numbers．
H.The report has even watered down many of the more confident predictions that appeared in the lcaked drafts．References to“hundreds of millions”of people being affected by rising sea levels have been removed from the summary,as have statements about the impact of warmer temperatures on crops．“I think it's gone back a bit，”says Jean Palutikof of Griffith University in Brisbane，Queensland，Australia，who worked on the 2007 report．“That may be a good thing．In the fourth [climate assessment]we tried to do things that weren’t really possible and the fifth has sort of rebalanced the whole thing．”
So do we know less than we did before?
I.Not really,says Andy Pitman of the University of New South Wales in Sydney,Australia．It is just more rigorous language．“Pointing to the sign of the change，rather than the precise magnitude of the change，is scientifically more defensible，”he says．
J.We also know more about what we don’t know,says David Karoly at the University of Melbourne．“There is now a better understanding of uncertainties in regional climate proj ections at decadal timescales(时标)．”
Are we less confident about all the impacts of climate change?
K.Not quite．There are still plenty of confident predictions of impacts in the reponv—at least in the draft chapters that were lcaked last year,and which are expected to be roughly the same when they are released later this week．These include more rain in parts ofAfrica，more heatwaves in southem Europe，and more frequent droughts in Australia(see“How climate change will affect where you live”)．It also remains clear that the seas are rising．How do we prepare in cases in which there is low confidence about the effects of climate change?
L.That’s exactly what this report deals with．In many cases，the uncertainty is a matter of magnitude，so the choices are not hard．“It doesn’t really matter if the car hits the wall at 70 or 80 kilometres an hour,”says Karoly．“You should still wear your seat belt．”So when it comes to sea．1evel rise or heatwaves，the uncertainty does not change what we need to do：build sea walls，use efficient cooling and so forth．
M.But in some cases——such as African rainfall，which could go up or down——the models are not giving us great advice．so all we know is that things will change．“We are not certain about the precise nature of regional change，but we are absolutely certain there are going to be profound changes in many regions，”says Pitman．Even then，there are things we can do that will always help．A big one is getting people out of poverty．The report says poverty makes other impacts worse and many suggested adaptations are about alleviating it．The IPCC suggests giving disadvantaged groups more of a voice，helping them move when they need to and strengthening social safety nets．
N.What’s more，all countries should diversify their economies，rather than relying on a few main sources of income that could flood or blow ovel Countries should also find ways to become less vulnerable to the current climate variability．That means improving the way they govem resources like water,the report says．
O.In short，we must become more resilient．That would be wise even if the climate was stable．Our current infrastructure often cannot deal with the current climate，says Karoly,pointing to events like the recent UK floods．“We don’t have a resilient system now,even in extremely well developed countries．”
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

Focusing on the clue of climate change instead of the severity of climate effects is scientifically more reasonable．


5、根据以下内容，回答题。
Being Objective on Climate Change
A.Last week，Craig Rucker,a climate-change skeptic and the executive director of a nonprofit organization called the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow(CFACT)，tweeted a quotation supposedly taken from a 1922 edition of the Washington Post：“Within a few years it is predicted due to ice melt the sea will rise＆make most coastal cities uninhabitable．”The intent，of course，was to poke fun at current headlines about climate change．
B.Rucker’s organization is a member ofthe Cooler Heads Coalition，an umbrella organization operated by the Competitive Enterprise Institute，a nonprofit that prides itself on its opposition to environmental ists．Rucker himself is part of a network of bloggers，op-cd writers，and policy-shop executives who argue that climate change is either a hoax or all example of left-wing hysteria．Surfacing old newspaper clips is one of their favorite games．They also make substantive arguments about climate policy,but the sniping may be more effective．There is no stronger rhetorical tool than ridicule．
C.In this case，Ruckcr’s ridicule seems misplaced．After spending a few minutes poking around online，1 was able to find both the Washington Post article and the longer SourCe material that it came from—a weather report issued by the U．S．consul in Bergen，Norway,and sent to the State Department on october 1 0，1 922．The report didn’t say anything about coasts being inundated．This isn’t surprising．Scientists wete smart back then，too,and they knew that melting sea ice wouldn’t appreciably raise sea levels．any more than a melting ice cube raises the level of water in a glass．
D.Rucker ultimately corrected his tweet once commenters pointed out the misquote．Through Twitter,he informed me that he had taken the line from a Washington Times op—ed by Richard Rahn，a senior fellow at the Cato Institute．When I contacted Rahn’s office．a press representative acknowledged that Rahn had copied the quote from other bloggers and columnists；the fabricated sentence appears in articles at reason．corn and texasgopvote．corn．The fabricated line seems to have been inserted around 2011．but the original article has been circulating online since 2007．
E. The statement about rising sea levels aside，1 922 really was a strange period in the Svalbard archipelago．the area described by the weather report．The islands lie halfway between Norway and the North Pole,at a latitude that puts them several hundred miles farther north than Barrow,alaska．“The Arctic seems to be warming up．”the report read．In August of that year,a geologist near the island of Spitsbergen sailed as far north as eighty-one degrees．twenty．nine minutes in ice-free water．This was highly unusual．The previous several summers had likewise been warrn．Seal populations had moved farther north，and formerly unseen stretches of coast were now accessible．
F.What are we to take from this historical evidence?A central tenet for Rucker and his colleagues is mat today’s sea．ice retreat。warming surface temperatures，and similar observations are short-lived anomalies of a kind that often happened in the past—and that overzealous scientists and gullible media are quick to drum up crises where none exist．Favorite examples include numerous newspaper articles from the nineteen．seventies that predicted the advent of a new ice age．In fact．it's possible to find articles from nearly every decade of the past century that seem to imply information about the climate that turned out to be premature or wrong．
G.The 1922 article has been quoted repeatedly by Rucker’s comrades-in-arms since its 2007 rebirth in the Washington Times．For nearly that long，scientists have been objecting．Gavin Schmidt，a climate modeler and the deputy director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies，points out that what was an anomaly in 1922 is now the norm：the waters near Spitsbergen are clear of ice at the end of every summer．More important，long-term temperature and sea-ice records indicate that the dramatic sea-ice retreat in the early nineteen．twenties was short-lived．It also occurred locally around svalbard—the unusual conditions didn’t even encompass the whole Norwegian Sea，let alone the rest of the Arctic．
H. 0ver the weekend，after retracting his previous tweet，Rucker posted a link to a blog item about a different article．this one a 1932 New York Times story．The eighty-year-old headline reads，“The Next Great Deluge Forecast By Science：Melting Polar Ice Caps to Raise the Level of the Seas and Flood the Continents．”That one sounded juicy,and，indeed，this time the text was correct：that really is what the headline said．Ironically,the lcad researcher cited in the piece was a German scientist named Alfred Wegener,who has sometimes been considered a hero of climate-change deniers for a completely different reason．Wegener is known for proposing the phenomenon of continental drift starting around the First Wbrid War,The idea was ridiculed before gaining acceptance in the nineteen-sixties，once
ample evidence had been amassed．Wegener’s lifc story,then，is used to support the idea that the small number of researchers in the field who downplay the risk of anthropogenic climate change will one day prevail．
I.In reality,the potential for anthropogenic global warming was being discussed earlier than continental drift．and took even longer to gain wide acceptance．The versatile Professor Wegener was a geophysicist and polar researcher who spent much of his career studying meteorology in Greenland，and trying to unlock the secrets of the Earth’s past．His elevated place in the current climate-change debate is
abstracted from history．
J.In any case，it’s not clear that the bloggers linking to the 1932 article read much beyond the headline．Thc article does discuss a collapse of the ice sheets that would raise sea levels by more than a hundred feet—but it says that event lies thirty to forty thousand years in the future．There’s nothing wrong with examining old newspaper articles for clues about climate conditions in the past．Legitimate climate researchers look at historical documents of all kinds．However,a good-faith effort to arrive at the truth would not rely on cherry-picking catchy headlines．It would require considering the context and looking at all the evidence．At the very least．it wouldn’t allow for deliberate distortions．A prediction that the ice caps might melt by the year 42，000 is hardly all example of climate alarmism．
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
Unlike melting ice in the glass，the melting sea ice cannot easily raise sea level．


简答题
6、

7、作文题一：印象深的活动
AA campus activity that has benefited most.

8、纳米技术(nanotechnoIogy)是近年来出现的一门高新技术。将纳米技术生产的纳米材料加入到普通的金属、塑料中，会呈现许多普通材料无法比拟的特性。纳米是一种度量单位，一纳米等于百万分之一毫米。纳米技术使人们认识、改造微观世界的水平提到了一个新的高度。世界许多国家的科学家不约而同地断言：纳米技术将推进人类科学技术步入一个新的时代——纳米科技时代(the era of nanotechno| ogy)。


9、examples to illustrateyourpoint．
写作导航
1．通过俗语来诠释行动决定一个人的价值；
2．进一步解释行动的重要性，并以愚公移山的故事来举例说明；
3．得出结论，呼吁大家停止空谈，要诉诸行动。


10、You should write an email inreply to a friend"s inquiry about whether you are going to work or continue your study after graduation．You shouM also explain the reasons behind your choice． 
写作导航 
1．回应对方来信，提出自己的观点，即会选择继续深造； 
2．从就业形势和知识的重要性两方面阐述了做出该选择的原因，并指出会通过 
参加实践活动来保持与时俱进； 
3．进行总结;
4．按照书信格式表达感谢和祝愿。