单项选择题
1、
It Ain’t Easy Being Green
Green stories of hoteIs
A）Over the summer，I stayed at four hotels in the United States．They were all owned by different companies，but they had one thing in common：A little card on the bathroom counter telling me that the establishment was very concerned about the environment，and appealing to me to do my part to help them save the earth by hanging up my wet towels and using them again the next day．Two of the hotels also placed a card next to the bed informing me that housekeeping would not change the sheets unless I left the card on the pillow．
B） It is true that keeping all those towels clean requires all enormous amount of electricity and water and soap，and that cutting down on the number of loads of laundry would be more eco-friendly than my insisting on a new towel each day．But am I a heartless cynic for doubting that a collective environmental anxiety has seized the hotel industry?
C）Here is an alternative explanation：All that water，soap，and electricity costs a lot of money and eats into the hotel’s profits．A little card on the counter telling customers that they won’t get new towels because the hotel doesn’t want to pay for laundry wouldn’t go over very well．But by couching it as a green campaign，the hotels actually get credit for providing less service to their customers，while pocketing the difference．
D）Industry groups that advise hotels on becoming more environmentally friendly tend to stress the money they’ll save just as much as the benefits to the planet．“Why should hotels be green?’’ asks the Green Hotels Association’s Web site “Haven’t you heard? Being green goes directly to your bottom line．”The site explains that by getting guests to recycle towels and sheets，hotels can save 5 percent on utilitybills．“Some days，housekeeping wooers，who usually clean 15 rooms a day，don’t change a single bed，’’said one satisfied hotel owner, who estimates that“70 percent of people staying more than one night participate in the program．”Another member reports that far fewer guests ask for new towels．
E）So let's renew：We give up a nice luxury to save the hotel money；the hotel congratulates itself on being green for peer pressuring us into giving up the luxury under the excuse of environmental consciousness；the hotel keeps the money．Nice work．After all，even if profit is the motive，the net result is a reduction in the hotel’s “carbon footprint”．But here’s what gets me：the hotels I stayed in this summer didn't seem all that interested in being green when it came to other things．The lobby of the big resort was air conditioned to meat locker temperatures．All day lon9，that frosty air rushed out the vast double doors，which were left open in the July heat．The resort also had a fleet of bi9，gas guzzling（耗油）vans idling at the curb to transport guests around the grounds．
Green stories of companies
F）Hotels are not the only offenders in this kind of green fakery．Some companies have embraced conservation for real．They build headquarters with solar panels and rainwater collection systems；they think of the environmental impact of every aspect of their businesses and actually change the way they do things to reduce waste．But this is labor intensive，often expensive，and takes commitment．Faced with that，many corporations take a different approach：They don’t do much of anything to change the way they do business，but make a big show of their contribution to Mother Earth．
G）It’s usually easy to spot these companies：They make their customers do the work, and then take the credit．In the name of saving the planet，my cable TV operator keeps asking for permission to stop sending paper statements in the mail each month．Instead，I'm supposed to check my statement online．The real reason，of course，is that doing so would save them paper, printing and postage．This is a perfectly reasonable reason for them to want me to switch．But when they pretend that it’s all about the environment．It just makes me hate my cable company even more than I already do．
Grin stories of ad campaigns
H）Sometimes a good ad campaign does a better job of enhancing a company’s green reputation than going through the expense and difficulty of adopting actual environmentally sound practices．Billboards in Washington appeal to me to join the cause．“l will unplug Stuff more，”reads one．Another says，“l will at least consider buying a hybrid（合成物）．”These ads are the work of Chevron，the giant oil company，whose “Will You Join Us?’’ ads try to convince people that saving the planet is at the top of their list．You might think that if Chevron was really worried about problems like global warming，they would spend some of those dollars lobbying Congress to adopt stricter gas mileage（英里数）requirements for automobiles．They do not do this．Instead，I'm apparently supposed to praise them as environmental heroes because they tell me to unplug my toaster and think about getting a Toyota Prius．
I）Yet ad campaigns like these work．Chevron lands at N0．371 out of 500 companies on Newsweek's green rankings．But it claims the No．62 spot when it comes to green reputation thanks in part to those pretty，polished ads．Green marketing has also helped Wal-Mart appear kinder and gentler in recent years．To be fair, the retailing giant has done more than redesign its logo．The company，which ranks 59th on Newsweek’s list, has embraced a series of in-house green initiatives and is demanding its suppliers do the same．The result：Wal-Mart scores first place in our reputation survey．
J）Given the power of positive marketing，it’s easy to see why those little towel cards are so popular--enough so that there are now a lot of companies that market them to hotels，along with all manner of products intended to make customers feel good about themselves while helping the hotels feel good about their bank balances．I suppose it is time that I step up and do my part．On behalf of the planet1 will dutifully sleep on day-old sheets．But please，for the love of all that is good and right, keep the towel coming．
Industry groups tend to emphasize the money hotels can save along with the benefits to the environment when they persuade hotels into being eco-friendly．·

2、Questions are based on the following passage．
Reading leadership literature, you'd sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an
effective leader．
I don't believe that to be true． In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see peoplestuck in positions of leadership who are sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their ownabilities．
Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest selfiassessment by those who aspire to (追求）
leadership in the first place．
We've all met the type of Individual who simply must take charge． Whether it's a decision-makingsession, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position andclinging on to it for dear life． They believe they're natural born leaders．
Truth is, they're nothing of the sort． True leaders don't assume that it's their divine (神圣的) right totake charge every time two or more people get together． Quite the opposite． A great leader will assesseach situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or theneeds of the moment demand it．
Many business executives confuse leadership with action．They believethat constantmotionsomehow generates leadership as a byproduct． Faced with any situation that can't be solved by thesheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience． Their one leadership tool is volume: ifthey think you aren't working as hard as they think you should, their demands become increasinglylouder and harsher．
True leaders understand the value of action, of course, but it isn't their only tool． In fact, it isn'teven their primary tool．Great leaders see morethan everyoneelse:answers,solutions,patterns,problems, opportunities． They know it's vitally important to do, but they also know that thinking,understanding, reflection and interpretation are equally important．
If you're too concerned with outcomes to the extent that you manipulate and intimidate others toachieve those outcomes, then you aren't leading at all, you're dictating． A true leader is someone who
develops his or her team so that they can and do hit their targets and achieve their goals．
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
What does the author think of the leaders he knows?
A． Many of them are used to taldng charge．
B． Few of them are equal to their positions．
C． Many of them fail to fully develop their potential．
D． Few of them are familiar with leadership literature．


3、Questions are based on the following passage．
One principle of taxation, called the benefits principle, states that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services．This principle tries to make public goods similar to   36   goods．It seems reasonable that a person who often goes to the movies pays more in   37   for movie tickets than a person who rarely goes．And   38   , a person who gets great benefit from a public good should pay more for it than a person who gets little benefit．
The gasoline tax, for instance, is sometimes    39    using the benefits principle． In some states,   40   from the gasoline tax are used to build and maintain roads．Because those who buy gasoline are the same people who use the roads, the gasoline tax might be viewed as a   41   way to pay for this government service．
The benefits principle can also be used to argue that wealthy citizens should pay higher taxes than poorer ones,   42   because the wealthy benefit more from public services．Consider, for example, the benefits of police protection from   43   ．Citizens with much to protect get greater benefit from police than  those  with  less  to  protect． Therefore, according   to  the  benefits  principle,  the  wealthy should    44   more than the poor to the cost of   45   the police force．The same argument can be used for many other public services, such as fire protection, national defense, and the court system．
A．adapt
B．contribute
C．exerting
D．expenses
E．fair
F．justified
G．maintaining
H．private
I．provided
J．revenues
K．similarly
L．simply
M．theft
N．total
O．wealth
第(36)题应填__________


4、根据材料，回答问题。
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
Nearly a third of women are the main breadwinners in their household in Britain, according to a major survey.
Researchers said that in many relationships it was no longer assumed that the man would bring in the bigger income, 36in a time of widespread redundancies (裁员).
In a37 shift in attitudes, four out of ten women said that the career of whichever partner had the highest income would take38in the relationship.
In one in ten families, a house husband looks after the children and does the39while their female partner works full time.
Ten percent of women admitted this role 40 had put strains on their relationship and some said it had even led to them41 company.
The Women and Work Survey 2010, commissioned (受……委托) by Grazia magazine, found that almost half of full-time mothers42not earning their own money.
And two thirds of the mothers among the 2,000 women in the survey said they wanted to keep working insome way after having children.
A43 higher number of those with children under three said they would prefer to work--preferably part-time--rather than stay at home.
Victoria Harper of Grazia said,"Women are getting good jobs when they graduate, and working up the career44faster than they have ever done."
This means that there has to be more45between the roles of men and women in a relationship and when they have children.
A． precedence
B． connection
C． prospect
D． slightly
E. ladder
F. favored
G. plan
H. reversal
I. especially
J. parting
K. opposite
L. chores
M. disliked
N. fluidity
O. significant
36.__________


5、根据材料，回答问题。
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

A．Speed limits were the same in all areas.
B．She had told him what his speed was.
C．There were signs along the road.
D．He had just received his driving license.


6、根据材料，回答问题。
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.
You may choose a para'graph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Green Growth
A． The enrichment of previously poor countries is the most inspiring development of our time. It is also worrying. The environment is already under strain. What willhappen when the global population rises from 7 billion today to 9.3 billion in 2050, as demographers(人口统计学家) expect, and a growing proportion of these people can'afford goods that were once reserved for the elite? Can the planet support so much economic activity?
B .Many policymakers adopt a top-down and Western-centfic approach to such planetary problems. They discuss ambitious regulations in global forums, or look to giant multinationals and well-heeled (富有的) NGOs to set an example. But since most people live in the emerging world, it makes sense to look at what successful companies there are doing to make growth more sustainable.
C． A new study by the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) identifies 16 emerging-market firms that they say are turning eco-consciousness into a source of competitive advantage. These highly profitable companies (which the study calls "the new sustainability champions") are using greenery to reduce costs, motivate workers and forge relationships. Their home-grown ideas will probably be easier for their peers to copy than anything cooked up in the West.
D． The most outstanding quality of these companies is that they turn limitationsof resources, labor and infrastructure) into opportunities. Thus, India's Shree Cement, which has tong suffered from water shortages, developed the world's most water-efficient method for making cement, in part by using air-cooling rather than water-cooling. Manila Water, a utility in the Philippines, reduced the amount of water it was losing, through wastage and illegal tapping, from 63% in 1997 to 12% in 2010 by making water affordable for the poor.
Broad Group, a Chinese maker of air conditioners, taps the waste heat from buildings to power its machines. Zhangzidao Fishery Group, a Chinese aquaculture (水产养殖) company, recycles uneaten fish feed to fertilize crops.
E.Setting green goals is a common practice. Sekem, an Egyptian food producer, set itself the task of reclaiming ( 开垦) desert land through organic farming. Florida Ice & Farm, a Costa Rican food and drink company, has adopted strict standards for the amount of water it can consume in producing drinks.
F.These firms measure themselves by their greenery, too. Florida Ice & Farm, for example, links 60% of its boss's pay to the triple bottom line of "people, planet and profit". The sustainability champions also encourage their workers to come up with green ideas. Natura, a Brazilian cosmetics company, gives bonuses to staff who find ways to reduce the firm's impact on the environment. Masisa, a Chilean forestry company, invites employees to "imagine unimaginable businesses" aimed at poorer consumers. Woolworths, a South African retailer, claims that many of its best green ideas have come from staff, not bosses.
G.In emerging markets it is hard for companies to stick to one specialism, because they have to worry about so many wider problems, from humble infrastructure to unreliable supply chains. So the sustainability champions seek to shape the business environment in which they operate. They lobby (游说) regulators: Grupo Balbo, a Brazilian organic-sugar producer, is working with the Brazilian government to establish a certification system for organic products. They form partnerships with governments and NGOs. Kenya's Equity Bank has formed an alliance with groups such as The International Fund for Agricultural Development to reduce its risks when lending to smallholders. Natura has worked with its suppliers to produce sustainable packaging, including a new "green" plastic derived from sugar cane.
H. The firms also work hard to reach and educate poor consumers, often sacrificing short-term profits to create future markets. Masisa organizes local carpenters into networks and connects them to low-income furniture buyers. Broad Group has developed a miniature device for measuring air pollution that can fit into mobile phones. Jain Irrigation, an Indian maker of irrigation systems, uses dance and song to explain the benefits of drip irrigation to farmers who can't read. Suntech, a Chinese solar-power company, has established a low- carbon museum to celebrate ways of reducing carbon-dioxide emissions.
Rich became green, or green became rich?
I.One could quibble (争辩)with BCG's analysis. Phil Rosenzweig of Switzerland's IMD business school has argued that management writers are prone to "the halo effect": they treat the temporary success of a company as proof that it has discovered some eternal principle of good management. The fact that some successful companies have embraced greenery does not prove that greenery makes a firm successful. Some firms, having prospered, find they can afford to splurge ( 挥霍) on greenery. Some successful firrns pursue greenery for public-relations purposes. And for every sustainable emerging champion, there are surely 100 firms that have prospered by belching ( 喷出 ) fumes into the air or pumping toxins into rivers.
J.Nonetheless, the central message of the WEF-BCG study--that some of the best emerging-world companies are combining profits with greenery--is thought-provoking. Many critics of environmentalism argue that it is a rich-world luxury: that the poor need adequate food before they need super-clean air. Some even see greenery as a rich-world conspiracy ( 阴谋): the West grew rich by industrializing (and polluting ), but now wants to stop the rest of the world from following suit. The WEF-BCG report demonstrates that such fears are overblown. Emerging-world companies can be just as green as their Western rivals. Many have found that, when natural resources are scarce and consumers are cash-strapped ( 资金短缺的 ), greenery can be a lucrative(利润丰厚的) business strategy.
An air-conditioner manufacturer uses the waste heat from buildings to supply its machines with power.


7、根据材料，回答问题。
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

A．She was invited only for the weekend.
B．The weather was too hot.
C．She had an appointment.
D．She had schoolwork to do.


8、听音频：
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A ),B．, C． andD．, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

A．She copied another course guide.
B．She decided to skip class.
C．She went to the library instead.
D．She shared a friend's course guide.


简答题
9、听录音，回答题
We're now witnessing the emergence of an advanced economy based on information and knowledge．Physical labor, raw materials, and capital are no longer the key (26．__________in the creation of wealth．Now, the (27．__________raw material in our economy is knowledge．Tomorrow's   wealth   depends   on   the   development   and   exchange   of   knowledge．  And (28．__________entering the workforce offer their knowledge, not their muscles．Knowledge workers  get  paid  for  their  education  and  their  ability  to learn．  Knowledge  workers(29．__________ mind work．They deal with symbols: words, figures, and data．
What does all this mean for you? As a future knowledge worker, you can expect to  be(30．__________ , processing, as well as exchanging information．(31．__________three out of four jobs involve some form of mind work, and that number will increase sharply in the  future．Management  and  employees  alike  will  be  malting  decisions  in  such  areas  as (32．__________ development, quality control, and customer satisfaction．
In the new world of work, you can look forward to being in constant training to acquire new skills that will help you (33．__________ improved technologies and procedures．You can also expect to be taking greater control Of your career．Gone are the nine-to-five jobs, lifetime security, predictable promotions, and even the (34．__________ workplace, as you are familiar with．Don'texpect the companies will (35．__________ a clearly-defined career path．And don't wait for,someone to "empower" you．You have to empower yourseff．
第(26)题__________


10、去年冬季以来，中国不少城市雾霾天气频频出现。特别是作为首都的北京，严重的雾霾天气更是引起了人们的关注。雾霾天气严重地影响了人们的出行和身体健康。在北京城市道路上，很多车辆因为能见度过低，只能在路上堵着。人们行走在路上都要戴着口罩。很多媒体报道称口罩已经卖脱销。大气污染现象已经成为困扰北京的难题，人们急需要解决这些问题，从而为该地区的人们带来更好的生活保障。