单项选择题
1、听录音,回答题

A．It reflects American people's view of French politics．
B．It is first published in Washington and then in Paris．
C．It explains American politics to the French public．
D．It is popular among French government officials．


2、Questions are based on the following passage.
Various studies have shown that increased spending on education has not led to measurable improvements in learning. Between 1980 and 2008, staff and teachers at U.S. public schools grew roughly twice as fast as students. Yet students showed no additional learning in achievement tests.
Universities show similar trends of increased administration personnel and costs without greater learning, as documented in Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa's recent book Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses.
A survey shows that 63% of employers say that recent college graduates don't have the sldlls they need to succeed and 25% of employers say that entry-level writing skills are lacking.
Some simplistically attribute the decline in our public education system to the drain of skilled students by private schools, but far more significant events were at work.
Public schools worked well until about the 1970s. In fact, until that time, public schools provided far better education than private ones. It was the underperforming students who were thrown out of public schools and went to private ones.
A prominent reason public schools did well was that many highly qualified women had few options for worldng outside the house other than being teachers or nurses. They accepted relatively low pay,difficult working conditions, and gave their very best.
Having such a large supply of talented women teachers meant that society could pay less for their services. Women's liberation opened up new professional opportunities for women, and, over time, some of the best left teaching as a career option, bringing about a gradual decline in the quality of schooling.
Also around that time, regulations, government, and unions came to dictate pay, prevent ac~ustments,and introduce bureaucratic (官僚的) standard for advancement. Large education bureaucracies and unions came to dominate the landscape, confusing activity with achievement. Bureaucrats regularly rewrite curriculums, talk nonsense about theories of education, and require ever more admires" trators. The end result has been that, after all the spending, students have worse math and reading skills than both their foreign peers and earlier generations spending far less on education--as all the accumulating evidence now documents.
 What do we learn from various studies on America's public education?
A． Achievement tests have failed to truly reflect the quality of teaching.
B． Public schools-lack the resources to compete with private schools.
C． Little improvement in education has resulted from increased spending.
D． The number of students has increased much faster than that of teachers.


3、Questions are based on the following passage.
The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced to buy a product of poor quality or high price because of an advertisement. For exampie, some advertisers have appealed to people's desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Some of the products work. Others are worthless and a waste of consumers' money.
Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading. A few years ago a brand of bread was offered to dieters (节食者) with the message that there were fewer calories in every slice. It turned out that the bread was not dietetic( 适合于节食者), but just regular bread. There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf.
On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a consumer's real concerns. Consider fire insurance. Fire insurance may be sold by appealing to fear of loss. But fear of loss is the real reason for fire .insurance. The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makes the purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most people. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as well as the message in the ads, they will benefit from the advertising.
Each consumer must evaluate, her or his own situation. Are the benefits of the product important enough to justify buying it? Advertising is intended to appeal to consumers, but it does not force them to buy the product. Consumers still control the final buying decision.
Advertising can persuade the consumer to buy worthless products by ______
A．stressing their high quality
B．convincing him of their low price
C．maintaining a balance between quality and price
D．appealing to his buying motives


4、根据材料，回答问题。
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA．,B．, C． andD．. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.
It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions (工会)such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries' economic blood supply.
This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States.
For historical reasons, Britain's unions have tended to develop along trade (行业) and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.
There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes.
Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feelings between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies,unions can fight for their members' disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.
Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" (工厂工人代表) in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or work level.
Why is the trade union power crucial in Britain?
A．Because the economy is very interdependent.
B．Because the unions have been established a long time.
C．Because there are more unions in Britain than elsewhere.
D．Because there are many essential services offered by the unions.


5、根据材料，回答问题。
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.
You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
How Your Language Affects Your Wealth and Health
A． Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences.
B. There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For example, the famous marshmallow ( 棉 花糖)studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they do not eat that marshmallow and wait for the experimenter to come back, they will get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful young adults.
C． Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we also want that last slice of pizza. We want a comfortable retirement, but we also want to drive that dazzling car, go on that dream vacation, or get those gorgeous shoes.
Some people are better at delaying gratification ( 满足 ) than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers, or to engage in unsafe sex.
D． Chen's recent findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present. As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interestS.
E. Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, Korean, and Russian, require their speakers to refer to the future explicitly ( 明确地). Every time English-speakers tall about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will" or "going to." In other languages, such as Mandarin, Japanese, and German, future markers are not obligatory (强制性的). The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. A Mandarin speaker who is going to go to a seminar might say "Wo qu ting jiangzuo," which translates to "I go listen seminar." Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakers of languages such as Mandarin future feels closer. As a consequence, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.
F.Chert analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. This data includes people's economic decisions, such as whether they saved any money last year, the languages they speak at home, demographics (人口统计资料 ), and cultural factors such as "saving is an important cultural value for me."
He also analyzed individual-level data on people's retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly, he analyzed national-level data that inchides national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.
G. People's savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious connection, their countries' legal systems, and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people's savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English, makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well.
H) Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries' national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking languages that does not have obligatory future markers makes national savings rates higher.
I.At a more practical level, researchers have been looking for ways to help people act in accordance with their long-term interests. Recent, findings suggest that making the future feel closer to the present might improve future-oriented behavior. For instance, researchers recently presented people with renderings of their future selves made using age-progression algorithms (算法) that forecast how physical appearances would change over time. One group of participants saw a digital representation of their current selves in a virtual mirror, and the other group saw an age-morphed version of their future selves. Those participants who saw the age- morphed version of their future selves allocated more money toward a hypothetical savings account. The intervention brought people's future to the present and as a result they saved more for the future.
J.Chen's research shows that language structures our future-related thoughts. Language has been used before to alter time perception with surprising effects. Ellen Langer and colleagues famously improved older people's physical health by simple interventions including asking them to talk about the events of twenty years ago as if it they were happening now. Talking about the past as if it were the present changed people's mindsets and their mindsets affected their physical states. Chen's research points at the possibility that the way we talk about the future can shape our mindsets. Language can move the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have dramatic influences on our judgments and decisions.
Usually, preventing ourselves from enjoying immediate pleasure impulsively is the only way to achieve the outcomes that are important to us.

6、根据下面内容，回答题。
Exorbitant(过分的)Privilege
A．IN 2012 ICBC，a state．controlled Chinese company that is the world’s most valuable bank，bought four-fifths of the Argentine subsidiary of Standard Bank，a South African firm．The deal was hailed as a leap forward for “South-South” cooperation—direct economic ties between emerging markets(新兴市场)．But one group of fich-world middlemen got a slice of the action：lawyers．ICBC was represented by Linklaters，an English firm，and Standard Bank by Jones Day, an American one．The deal was made under English law, with any differences to be settled in A．l English arbitration center．
B．Though emerging markets now account for over half the world’s GDP at purchasing-power parity(购买力平价)，and trade between them is booming，just two developed countries retain a stranglehold on cross-border finance，investment，mergers and acquisitions．Just as America benefits from issuing the world’s reserve currency, America and its former colonial master, Britain, enjoy the exorbitant privilege of issuing the world’s “reserve law”．A global survey by Queen Mary University in London in 2010 of general counsels and legal-department heads found that 40% most frequently did business using English law and another 22% American．generally the law of New York state．No other country’s lawgot a significant share．
C．America and Britain reap large rewards from their legal dominance．of the world’s 100 highest-grossing law firms，9 1 have their headquarters in one of the two．America’s legal sector is bigger than the GDP of Peru；though much of that is because of Americans’ litigiousness．a good chunk comes from foreign work．The New York offices of American firms earn around$1．8 billion annually from international．dispute resolution．almost two．thirds of litigants in English commercial courts are foreign．At 1．5% ．the legal sector’s share of British GDP is nearly double that in other big European countries．
D．Other bits of both countries’ economies feel the ripples(余波)，t00．Foreigners visiting for legal hearings stay in hotels and eat in restaurants．Aspiring lawyers from around the world pay to attend their universities and spread goodwill when they go home．Dependence on American and British law firms makes it harder for deal makers to move from New York and London to Hong Kong or Frankfurt．Britain’s government describes lawyers as “central to the export of other professional services” such as accounting，asset management and banking．
E．The competition is often weak：much of China’s commercial law was written by Communist Party officials and is fiddled with errors：and though India adopted much of English common law, its courts are notoriously slow．But the incumbents’ biggest advantage is that they have common law systems with centuries of binding precedent．That means they offer as much certainty as any jurisdiction(司法权)can．In civil-law countries such as France，Portugal and Spain，and their ex-colonies，judges have wide latitude to interpret statutes，increasing the risk of nasty legal surprises．Civil systems place more restrictions on acceptable clauses，and often consider the interests of third parties，such as workers or consumers．
F．Many other countries would like to break this duopoly(双头垄断市场)．But even those with good laws on Paper would take decades to train enough lawyers and judges to make them stick．The immediate threat to American and British law comes from a trend that dispenses with courtsal together．Parties to a cross-border deal must decide not only which country’s law governs it but how disputes should be resolved．Firms are increasingly opting for private arbitration，which promises confidentiality,
speed and lower costs than going to court—and here London and New York are less dominant．
G．More recently，new entrants have made inroads．Among the most Successful is Singapore，whose dedicated arbitration venue(仲裁地点)，SIAC，opened in 199 1．Singapore’s government exempts arbitrators from income tax and expedites entry for participants in hearings．SIAC’s caseload has quadrupled in the past decade，with Indian firms particularly keen．Last year they were parties to a third of its 259 new cases．
H．With 260 new cases last year, Hong Kong matches SIAC for size．Arbitration is essential for cross-border deals involving China，since its iudges rarely enforce foreign court decisions but are bound to uphold arbitration awards by the New York Arbitration Convention，which it signed in 1987．In the past，Chinese firms reluctantly accepted distant arbitration venues．But they are increasingly insisting
on disputes being heard locally．Exorbitant no more?
I．English law remains prevalent in Asian arbitration，accounting for 32% of cases at SIAC．But a recent trend in South America shows how quickly this could change．Of the big emerging economies，the one mat has most effectively promoted its own law is Brazil．Its firms still use third．party law, usually New York’s．to raise money and make acquisitions abroad．But foreign firms active in Brazil often acquiesce to local law, relying on localarbitration as an alternative to courts that are politicized and glacially slow．
J．Brazil’s  govermment created a legal framework for arbitration in 1996，which became widely used after being approved by the supreme court in 200 1．Nothing prevents firms from using foreign arbitration—but losers may delay the application of foreign rulings for years(though not for ever)by filing objections in Brazilian courts．In contrast，domestic arbitration awards in local-law cases are deemed
equivA．ent to legal rulings，and implemented on the spot．“There’s nothing to fear about having an arbitration in Brazil，”says Stepheno’ Sullivan，a former solicitor in England who works for Mattos Filho，a Brazilian firm．
K．At first sight，the lawyers of Wall Street and the City of London have the most to lose from the growing popularity of arbitration．Their govermments are not helping．In Britain authorities often fail to provide timely visas for parties，experts or witnesses．As for America，businesses often complain about the burden of pre．trial discovery, and the threat of unsophisticated juries or elected judges awarding exorbitant damages．In a recent survey, Hogan Lovells，a law firm whose main offices are in London and Washington，DC，asked general counsels around the world which jurisdiction they found most challenging．China finished second--after America．
L．In the long run，developing countries may be bigger losers．Local arbitration may facilitate deals and bolster short．term growth．But if it reduces the pressure from multinationals and local finns for simpler laws，berer courts and less political corruption，it may delay attempts to establish legal systems that work not just for businesses but for everyone else too．
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
China and India would be very fragile in the competition because of their wrong commercial laws and inemcient courts．


简答题
7、 Directions: For  thisi part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a shortessay on the topic of low-carbon life. You should start your essay with abrief account of the importance of low-carbon life and then explain howto create it. You should zcrrite at least 120 ords but no more than ]80zuord.


8、 Directions For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a shortessay on the topic of harmonious campus. You should start your essaywith a brief account of your understanding of harmonious ctvnpus andthen explain how to build it. You should write at least 120 words but nomore than 180 words.


9、You shouM write a letter to a company declining ajob offer．
写作导航
1．回应对方来信，并表达感谢；
2．委婉拒方邀请，并且说明原因；
3．再次表达感谢，并且展望未来；
4．按照书信格式落款。


10、