Questions 81 to 85 are based on the following passage：
　　The United States court system, as part of the federal system of go-vernment, is characterized by dual hierarchies： there are both state andfederal courts. Each state has its own system of courts, composed of civiland criminal trial courts, sometimes intermediate courts of appeal, and astate supreme court. The federal court system consists of a series oftrial courts （called district courts） serving relatively small geographicregions （there is at least one for every state）, a tier of circuit courtsof appeal that hear appeals from many district courts in a particular geo-graphic region, and the Supreme Court of the United States. The two courtsystems are to some extent overlapping, in that certain kinds of disputes（such as a claim that a state law is in violation of the Constitution） maybe initiated in either system. They are also to some extent hierarchical,for the federal system stands above the state system in that litigants（persons engaged in lawsuits） who lose their cases in the state supremecourt may appeal their cases to the Supreme Court of the United States. Thus, the typical court case begins in a trial court —— a court ofgeneral jurisdiction —— in the state or federal system. Most cases go nofurther than the trial court： for example , the criminal defendant isconvicted （by a trial or a guilty plea） and sentenced by the court andthe case ends； the personal injury suit results in a judgment by a trialcourt （or an out-of-court settlement by the parties while the courts suitis pending） and the parties leave the court system. But sometimes the losingparty at the trial court cares enough about the cause that the matter doesnot end there. In these cases, the“loser”at the trial court may appealto the next higher court.
　　81. What does the passage mainly discuss？
　　A） Civil and criminal trial courts. B） Trial court cases. C） The court system in the United States. D） The appeal court process.
　　82. According to the passage district courts are also known as_______. A） circuit courts B） supreme courts C） intermediate courts D） trial courts
　　83. In the last sentence of the first paragraph, the phrase“engaged in”could best be replaced by which of the following？
　　A） committed to. B） involved in. C） attentive to. D） covered in.
　　84. The passage indicates that litigants who lose their cases in the state trial court may take them to _______. A） different trial court in the same state B） court in a different geographic region C） federal trial court D） state supreme court
　　85. It can be inferred from the passage that typical court cases are _______. A） always appealed B） usually resolved in the district courts C） always overlapping D） usually settled by the Supreme Court
　　Questions 86 to 90 are based on the following passage：
　　In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned theirattention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skys-crapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a clusterof tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportationand parking lot capacities. Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electricpower. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet ofskyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demandfor electricity by 120,000 kilowatts —— enough to supply the entirecity of Albany, New York, for a day. Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heatloss （or gain） through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more thanten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulationboard. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment,builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels ofglass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror filmsthat reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscra-pers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboringbuildings. Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation（？àéú） facilities,too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York Citywould alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage（？？？？） each year ——as much as a city the size of Stamford, Connecticut, which has a populationof more than 109,000. Skyscrapers also interfere with television reception, block bird flyways,and obstruct air traffic. In Boston in the late 1960's, some people evenfeared that shadows from skyscrapers would kill the grass on Boston Common. Still, people continue to build skyscrapers for all the reasons that they have always built them —— personal ambition, civic pride, and the desire of owners to have the largest possible amount of rentable space.
　　86. The main purpose of the passage is to _______. A） discuss the advantages and disadvantages of skyscrapers B） compare skyscrapers with other modern structures C） describe skyscrapers and their effect on the environment D） illustrate various architectural designs of skyscrapers
　　87. According to the passage, what is one disadvantage of skyscrapers that have mirrored walls？
　　A） The exterior surrounding air is heated. B） The building materials are very expensive. C） Construction time is increased. D） Extra air-conditioning equipment is needed.
　　88. According to the passage, which aspect of skyscrapers were some residents of Boston concerned with in the late 1960's ？
　　A） The poor reception of radio and TV signals. B） The removal of trees and grass from building sites. C） The harmful effects on the city's plants. D） The obstruction of air traffic.
　　89. Which of the following groups would the skyscraper issue most concern？
　　A） Electricians. B） Environmentalists. C） City planners. D） Television viewers.
　　90. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage？
　　A） Skyscrapers provide more usable space than other buildings. B） The skyscrapers first appeared in the late 1960's. C） Where there are skyscrapers, television reception is poor. D） The two World Trade Center towers are skyscrapers.
　　V. WRITING
　　Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a compositionon Educational Enrollment in China of 1978 and 1983, based on the informationin the chart below. Compair the figures of 1978 and 1983. Give possible ex-planations. Your composition should be in three paragraphs and be no lessthan 120 words. Remember to write clearly.
　　You should write this composition on the Composition Sheet. 1978 （Million） 1983 （Million）
　　Primary Schools 146.23 135.82 Secondary Schools 65.54 43.94 Specialized Schools 0.897 1.37 Universities and Colleges 0.854 1.20