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新东方英语四级考试词汇笔记:第二课

第2课

  非谓语动词与独立主格:短语,句子(或者句子,短语)
  1.当短语部分有独立主语,并且该主语不同于句子主语,这时短语结构称为独立主格。(它明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语)。
  独立主格的结构1:名词(代词)+ 分词 [现在分词、过去分词]
  现在分词表示主动的,正在进行的行为;过去分词表示被动的,已经完成的行为。 作题时要通过判断动作与名词(代词)之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。当动作由名词(代词)发出时使用现在分词,而名词(代词)是受动者时则用过去分词。
  54. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _B_ it closely.
  A followed B following C to follow D being followed
  49. All things _A_, the planned trip will have to be called off.
  A considered B be considered C considering D having considered
  call off 取消; cancel vt. 取消; 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。
  独立主格的结构2:with + 名词(代词)+ 分词 [句子当中作状语]
  36. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.
  A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged
  as well as 和(相当于and); be encouraged不会考。
  动词不定式有预示将来行为的含义。to be encouraged 将要被鼓励;
  been encouraged 已经被鼓励完了,与主句的谓语动词相对;being encouraged 正在被鼓励
  2.短语部分没有独立主语,则短语结构称为非谓语动词
  非谓语动词的结构:分词(分词短语)
  句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作,则使用现在分词;如果动作不是由句子的主语发出,则使用过去分词。
  43.No matter how frequently _A_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
  A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed
  perform vt. 表演,演出,演奏;
  to be performed 将要被演奏; being performed 正在被演奏;
  一些特殊的动词:
  点:forget 忘记; [反义] remember 记得;
  这两个词后加动词不定式表示将要进行的行为;这两个词后加动词ing形式表示已经做过的事情。
  注意:动名词与现在分词形式一样,但含义不同。这两个词后加动词ing形式都是动名词。
  forget to do sth. 忘记要去做某事; forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事;
  remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事; remember doing sth. 记得做过某事;
  62. I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
  A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him
  offer vt. 提出,提供; offer sb. sth. / offer to do sth.
  him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正确。
  动名词的复合结构:凡是一个动词的后面可以加动名词,就可以加动名词的复合结构。
  动作发出者 + 动名词;当动作发出者名字给出时:名词所有格 + 动名词;当动名词的复合结构在文章中出现,且动作发出者在前文中提过时:形容词物主代词(宾格)+ 动名词。
  形容词物主代词:his, her, my, your, their, our。代词宾格:him, her, me, you, us, them。
  第二点:want 想要; want to do sth. 想做某事; want doing 客观需要或缺乏。
  48. Your hair wants _B_. You'd better have it done tomorrow.
  A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut
  注意:want doing 中doing表示的是被动含义。
  18. This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.
  A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned
  第三点:mean 意味; mean to do sth. 打算做某事,意欲… ;mean doing 意味着,…的意思是…
  25. There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble. [reception desk 接待台]
  A making B to make C to have made D having made

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