2015年英语四级考试每日一练(4月23日)
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单项选择题
1、根据材料，回答问题。
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet.
Psychologists who study optimization ( 优化 ) compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents (支持者) of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take,they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent (相关的) considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted (多层面的), there are several alternatives to choose from,each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for my college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with succinct ( 简洁的) statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?"
Of the following stepsis the one that occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet.
A．listing the consequences of each solution
B．calculating a numerical summary of each solution
C．writing down all possible solutions
D．deciding which consequences are most important
2、根据材料，回答问题。
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
One in five US workers regularly attends after-work drinks with co-workers, where the most common36 range from bad-mouthing (说……的坏话) another worker to kissing a colleague and drinking too much, according to a study37on Tuesday.
Most workers attend so-called happy hours to 38 with colleagues, although 15 percent go to hear the latest office gossip and 13 percent go because they feel obligated, said the survey conducted for CareerBuilder. corn, an online job site.
As to what happens when the after-work drinks flow, 16 percent reported bad-mouthing a colleague, 10 percent shared a secret about a colleague, 8 percent kissed a colleague and 8 percent said they drank too much and acted39.5 percent said they had shared a secret about the company, and 4 percent40to singing karaoke.
While 21 percent of those who attend say happy hours are good for41,85 percent said attending had not helped them get42to someone higher up or get a better position.
An equal number of men and women said they attend happy hours with co-workers, with younger workers aged 25 to 34 most likely and workers over 55 least43to attend.
Overall, 21 percent of workers attend happy hours with co-workers and, of those,44a quarter go at least once a month.
The survey was45online by Harris Interactive on behalf of CareerBuilder. com among 6,987 full-time employees.
A． bond
B. acknowledged
C． nearly
D． specially
E.anywhere
F. mishaps
G. obligated
H. likely
I. conducted
J. idly
K. unprofessionally
L. networking
M . released
N. confessed
O. researched
36.__________
3、听音频：
根据以下资料，回答题：
A．Because he iS preparing for a glohal tour．
B．Because he is preparing for a geography class．
C．Because he wants to find the location of China．
D．Because he wants to draw a picture of all the countries．
4、根据以下资料，回答题：
Wbrld Must Adapt to Unknown Climate Future
A．There is still great uncertainty about the impacts of climate change，according to the latest report from the Intefgovernmental Panel on Climate Change，released today．So if we are to survive and prosper, rather than trying to fend off specific threats like cyclones，we must build flexible and resilient(有弹性的)societies．
B．Today’s report is the second of three instalments(分期连载)of the IPCC’s fifth assessment of climate change．The first instalment，released last year,covered the physical science of climate change．It stated with increased certainty that climate change is happenin9，and that it is the result of humanity’s greenhouse gas emissions．The new report focuses on the impacts of climate change and how to adapt to them．The third instalment，on how to cut greenhouse gas emissions，comes out in April．
C．The latest report backs off from some of the predictions made in the previous IPCC report，in 2007．During the final editing process．the authors also retreated from many of the more confident projections from the final draft，leaked last year．The IPCC now says it often cannot predict which specific impacts of climate change—such as droughts，storms or floods——will hit particular places．
D．Instead，the IPCC focuses on how people call adapt in the face of uncertainty,arguing that we must become resilient against diverse changes in the climate．“The natural human tendency is to want things to be clear and simple．”says the report’s co-chair Chris Field of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Stanford，Califomia．“And one of the messages that doesn’t just come from the IPCC，it comes from history,is that the future doesn’t ever turn out the way you think it will be．”That means，Field adds，that‘'being prepared for a wide range of possible futures is iust always smart”．
E.Here New Scientist breaks down what is new in the report，and what it means for humanity’s efforts to cope with a changing climate．A companion article，“How climate change will affect where you live”，highlights some of the key impacts that different regions are facing．What has changed in the new IPCC report?
F.In essence，the predictions are intentionally vaguer．Much of the firlner language from the 2007 report about exactly what kind of weather to expect，and how changes witl affect people，has been replaced with more cautious statements．The scale and timing of many regional impacts，and even the form of some，now appear uncertain．
G.For example，the 2007 report predicted that the intensity of cyclones over Asia would increase by 10to 20 per cent．The new report makes no such claim．Similarly,the last report estimated that climate change would force up to a quarter of a billion Africans into water shortage by the end of this decade．The new report avoids using such firm numbers．
H.The report has even watered down many of the more confident predictions that appeared in the lcaked drafts．References to“hundreds of millions”of people being affected by rising sea levels have been removed from the summary,as have statements about the impact of warmer temperatures on crops．“I think it's gone back a bit，”says Jean Palutikof of Griffith University in Brisbane，Queensland，Australia，who worked on the 2007 report．“That may be a good thing．In the fourth [climate assessment]we tried to do things that weren’t really possible and the fifth has sort of rebalanced the whole thing．”
So do we know less than we did before?
I.Not really,says Andy Pitman of the University of New South Wales in Sydney,Australia．It is just more rigorous language．“Pointing to the sign of the change，rather than the precise magnitude of the change，is scientifically more defensible，”he says．
J.We also know more about what we don’t know,says David Karoly at the University of Melbourne．“There is now a better understanding of uncertainties in regional climate proj ections at decadal timescales(时标)．”
Are we less confident about all the impacts of climate change?
K.Not quite．There are still plenty of confident predictions of impacts in the reponv—at least in the draft chapters that were lcaked last year,and which are expected to be roughly the same when they are released later this week．These include more rain in parts ofAfrica，more heatwaves in southem Europe，and more frequent droughts in Australia(see“How climate change will affect where you live”)．It also remains clear that the seas are rising．How do we prepare in cases in which there is low confidence about the effects of climate change?
L.That’s exactly what this report deals with．In many cases，the uncertainty is a matter of magnitude，so the choices are not hard．“It doesn’t really matter if the car hits the wall at 70 or 80 kilometres an hour,”says Karoly．“You should still wear your seat belt．”So when it comes to sea．1evel rise or heatwaves，the uncertainty does not change what we need to do：build sea walls，use efficient cooling and so forth．
M.But in some cases——such as African rainfall，which could go up or down——the models are not giving us great advice．so all we know is that things will change．“We are not certain about the precise nature of regional change，but we are absolutely certain there are going to be profound changes in many regions，”says Pitman．Even then，there are things we can do that will always help．A big one is getting people out of poverty．The report says poverty makes other impacts worse and many suggested adaptations are about alleviating it．The IPCC suggests giving disadvantaged groups more of a voice，helping them move when they need to and strengthening social safety nets．
N.What’s more，all countries should diversify their economies，rather than relying on a few main sources of income that could flood or blow ovel Countries should also find ways to become less vulnerable to the current climate variability．That means improving the way they govem resources like water,the report says．
O.In short，we must become more resilient．That would be wise even if the climate was stable．Our current infrastructure often cannot deal with the current climate，says Karoly,pointing to events like the recent UK floods．“We don’t have a resilient system now,even in extremely well developed countries．”
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
Focusing on the clue of climate change instead of the severity of climate effects is scientifically more reasonable．
5、根据下面内容，回答题。
Exorbitant(过分的)Privilege
A．IN 2012 ICBC，a state．controlled Chinese company that is the world’s most valuable bank，bought four-fifths of the Argentine subsidiary of Standard Bank，a South African firm．The deal was hailed as a leap forward for “South-South” cooperation—direct economic ties between emerging markets(新兴市场)．But one group of fich-world middlemen got a slice of the action：lawyers．ICBC was represented by Linklaters，an English firm，and Standard Bank by Jones Day, an American one．The deal was made under English law, with any differences to be settled in A．l English arbitration center．
B．Though emerging markets now account for over half the world’s GDP at purchasing-power parity(购买力平价)，and trade between them is booming，just two developed countries retain a stranglehold on cross-border finance，investment，mergers and acquisitions．Just as America benefits from issuing the world’s reserve currency, America and its former colonial master, Britain, enjoy the exorbitant privilege of issuing the world’s “reserve law”．A global survey by Queen Mary University in London in 2010 of general counsels and legal-department heads found that 40% most frequently did business using English law and another 22% American．generally the law of New York state．No other country’s lawgot a significant share．
C．America and Britain reap large rewards from their legal dominance．of the world’s 100 highest-grossing law firms，9 1 have their headquarters in one of the two．America’s legal sector is bigger than the GDP of Peru；though much of that is because of Americans’ litigiousness．a good chunk comes from foreign work．The New York offices of American firms earn around$1．8 billion annually from international．dispute resolution．almost two．thirds of litigants in English commercial courts are foreign．At 1．5% ．the legal sector’s share of British GDP is nearly double that in other big European countries．
D．Other bits of both countries’ economies feel the ripples(余波)，t00．Foreigners visiting for legal hearings stay in hotels and eat in restaurants．Aspiring lawyers from around the world pay to attend their universities and spread goodwill when they go home．Dependence on American and British law firms makes it harder for deal makers to move from New York and London to Hong Kong or Frankfurt．Britain’s government describes lawyers as “central to the export of other professional services” such as accounting，asset management and banking．
E．The competition is often weak：much of China’s commercial law was written by Communist Party officials and is fiddled with errors：and though India adopted much of English common law, its courts are notoriously slow．But the incumbents’ biggest advantage is that they have common law systems with centuries of binding precedent．That means they offer as much certainty as any jurisdiction(司法权)can．In civil-law countries such as France，Portugal and Spain，and their ex-colonies，judges have wide latitude to interpret statutes，increasing the risk of nasty legal surprises．Civil systems place more restrictions on acceptable clauses，and often consider the interests of third parties，such as workers or consumers．
F．Many other countries would like to break this duopoly(双头垄断市场)．But even those with good laws on Paper would take decades to train enough lawyers and judges to make them stick．The immediate threat to American and British law comes from a trend that dispenses with courtsal together．Parties to a cross-border deal must decide not only which country’s law governs it but how disputes should be resolved．Firms are increasingly opting for private arbitration，which promises confidentiality,
speed and lower costs than going to court—and here London and New York are less dominant．
G．More recently，new entrants have made inroads．Among the most Successful is Singapore，whose dedicated arbitration venue(仲裁地点)，SIAC，opened in 199 1．Singapore’s government exempts arbitrators from income tax and expedites entry for participants in hearings．SIAC’s caseload has quadrupled in the past decade，with Indian firms particularly keen．Last year they were parties to a third of its 259 new cases．
H．With 260 new cases last year, Hong Kong matches SIAC for size．Arbitration is essential for cross-border deals involving China，since its iudges rarely enforce foreign court decisions but are bound to uphold arbitration awards by the New York Arbitration Convention，which it signed in 1987．In the past，Chinese firms reluctantly accepted distant arbitration venues．But they are increasingly insisting
on disputes being heard locally．Exorbitant no more?
I．English law remains prevalent in Asian arbitration，accounting for 32% of cases at SIAC．But a recent trend in South America shows how quickly this could change．Of the big emerging economies，the one mat has most effectively promoted its own law is Brazil．Its firms still use third．party law, usually New York’s．to raise money and make acquisitions abroad．But foreign firms active in Brazil often acquiesce to local law, relying on localarbitration as an alternative to courts that are politicized and glacially slow．
J．Brazil’s govermment created a legal framework for arbitration in 1996，which became widely used after being approved by the supreme court in 200 1．Nothing prevents firms from using foreign arbitration—but losers may delay the application of foreign rulings for years(though not for ever)by filing objections in Brazilian courts．In contrast，domestic arbitration awards in local-law cases are deemed
equivA．ent to legal rulings，and implemented on the spot．“There’s nothing to fear about having an arbitration in Brazil，”says Stepheno’ Sullivan，a former solicitor in England who works for Mattos Filho，a Brazilian firm．
K．At first sight，the lawyers of Wall Street and the City of London have the most to lose from the growing popularity of arbitration．Their govermments are not helping．In Britain authorities often fail to provide timely visas for parties，experts or witnesses．As for America，businesses often complain about the burden of pre．trial discovery, and the threat of unsophisticated juries or elected judges awarding exorbitant damages．In a recent survey, Hogan Lovells，a law firm whose main offices are in London and Washington，DC，asked general counsels around the world which jurisdiction they found most challenging．China finished second--after America．
L．In the long run，developing countries may be bigger losers．Local arbitration may facilitate deals and bolster short．term growth．But if it reduces the pressure from multinationals and local finns for simpler laws，berer courts and less political corruption，it may delay attempts to establish legal systems that work not just for businesses but for everyone else too．
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
China and India would be very fragile in the competition because of their wrong commercial laws and inemcient courts．
简答题
6、 中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔盂为代表的儒家学说(Confucianism)和以老子和庄子为代表的道家学说(Taoism)，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说和学派(doctrines)。这就是有名的诸子百家(the masters’ hundred schools)。从孔夫子到孙中山。中华民族的传统文化有许多宝贵的思想和品质，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱、强调群体、强调天下为公。
7、大熊猫是一种温顺的动物，长着独特的黑白皮毛。因其数量极少，大熊猫已被列为濒危物种。大熊猫对于世界自然基金会有着特殊意义。自1961年该基金会成立以来，大熊猫就一直是它的徽标。大熊猫是熊科中稀有的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。目前，世界上大约有1000只大熊猫。这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。因此，确保大熊猫的生存比以往更重要。
8、题目一
Directions：For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on thefollowing question．You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words．
Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your hometown，what is the most interesting place you would like to take him／her to see and why?
题目二
Directions：For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on thefollowing question．You should write at least．120．words but no more than．180．words．Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit China，what is the most interesting place you would like to take him／her to see and why?
题目三
Directions：For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on thefollowing question．You should write at least．120．words but no more than．180．words．Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your campus，what is the most interesting place you would like to take him／her to see and why?
9、去年冬季以来，中国不少城市雾霾天气频频出现。特别是作为首都的北京，严重的雾霾天气更是引起了人们的关注。雾霾天气严重地影响了人们的出行和身体健康。在北京城市道路上，很多车辆因为能见度过低，只能在路上堵着。人们行走在路上都要戴着口罩。很多媒体报道称口罩已经卖脱销。大气污染现象已经成为困扰北京的难题，人们急需要解决这些问题，从而为该地区的人们带来更好的生活保障。
10、1．目前，各高校均对大一新生进行军训
2．有人赞成，有人反对
3．我的观点
Is It Necessary to Continue Military Training for Freshmen?
1、根据材料，回答问题。
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet.
Psychologists who study optimization ( 优化 ) compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents (支持者) of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take,they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent (相关的) considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted (多层面的), there are several alternatives to choose from,each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for my college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with succinct ( 简洁的) statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?"
Of the following stepsis the one that occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet.
A．listing the consequences of each solution
B．calculating a numerical summary of each solution
C．writing down all possible solutions
D．deciding which consequences are most important
2、根据材料，回答问题。
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
One in five US workers regularly attends after-work drinks with co-workers, where the most common36 range from bad-mouthing (说……的坏话) another worker to kissing a colleague and drinking too much, according to a study37on Tuesday.
Most workers attend so-called happy hours to 38 with colleagues, although 15 percent go to hear the latest office gossip and 13 percent go because they feel obligated, said the survey conducted for CareerBuilder. corn, an online job site.
As to what happens when the after-work drinks flow, 16 percent reported bad-mouthing a colleague, 10 percent shared a secret about a colleague, 8 percent kissed a colleague and 8 percent said they drank too much and acted39.5 percent said they had shared a secret about the company, and 4 percent40to singing karaoke.
While 21 percent of those who attend say happy hours are good for41,85 percent said attending had not helped them get42to someone higher up or get a better position.
An equal number of men and women said they attend happy hours with co-workers, with younger workers aged 25 to 34 most likely and workers over 55 least43to attend.
Overall, 21 percent of workers attend happy hours with co-workers and, of those,44a quarter go at least once a month.
The survey was45online by Harris Interactive on behalf of CareerBuilder. com among 6,987 full-time employees.
A． bond
B. acknowledged
C． nearly
D． specially
E.anywhere
F. mishaps
G. obligated
H. likely
I. conducted
J. idly
K. unprofessionally
L. networking
M . released
N. confessed
O. researched
36.__________
3、听音频：
点击播放
根据以下资料，回答题：
A．Because he iS preparing for a glohal tour．
B．Because he is preparing for a geography class．
C．Because he wants to find the location of China．
D．Because he wants to draw a picture of all the countries．
4、根据以下资料，回答题：
Wbrld Must Adapt to Unknown Climate Future
A．There is still great uncertainty about the impacts of climate change，according to the latest report from the Intefgovernmental Panel on Climate Change，released today．So if we are to survive and prosper, rather than trying to fend off specific threats like cyclones，we must build flexible and resilient(有弹性的)societies．
B．Today’s report is the second of three instalments(分期连载)of the IPCC’s fifth assessment of climate change．The first instalment，released last year,covered the physical science of climate change．It stated with increased certainty that climate change is happenin9，and that it is the result of humanity’s greenhouse gas emissions．The new report focuses on the impacts of climate change and how to adapt to them．The third instalment，on how to cut greenhouse gas emissions，comes out in April．
C．The latest report backs off from some of the predictions made in the previous IPCC report，in 2007．During the final editing process．the authors also retreated from many of the more confident projections from the final draft，leaked last year．The IPCC now says it often cannot predict which specific impacts of climate change—such as droughts，storms or floods——will hit particular places．
D．Instead，the IPCC focuses on how people call adapt in the face of uncertainty,arguing that we must become resilient against diverse changes in the climate．“The natural human tendency is to want things to be clear and simple．”says the report’s co-chair Chris Field of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Stanford，Califomia．“And one of the messages that doesn’t just come from the IPCC，it comes from history,is that the future doesn’t ever turn out the way you think it will be．”That means，Field adds，that‘'being prepared for a wide range of possible futures is iust always smart”．
E.Here New Scientist breaks down what is new in the report，and what it means for humanity’s efforts to cope with a changing climate．A companion article，“How climate change will affect where you live”，highlights some of the key impacts that different regions are facing．What has changed in the new IPCC report?
F.In essence，the predictions are intentionally vaguer．Much of the firlner language from the 2007 report about exactly what kind of weather to expect，and how changes witl affect people，has been replaced with more cautious statements．The scale and timing of many regional impacts，and even the form of some，now appear uncertain．
G.For example，the 2007 report predicted that the intensity of cyclones over Asia would increase by 10to 20 per cent．The new report makes no such claim．Similarly,the last report estimated that climate change would force up to a quarter of a billion Africans into water shortage by the end of this decade．The new report avoids using such firm numbers．
H.The report has even watered down many of the more confident predictions that appeared in the lcaked drafts．References to“hundreds of millions”of people being affected by rising sea levels have been removed from the summary,as have statements about the impact of warmer temperatures on crops．“I think it's gone back a bit，”says Jean Palutikof of Griffith University in Brisbane，Queensland，Australia，who worked on the 2007 report．“That may be a good thing．In the fourth [climate assessment]we tried to do things that weren’t really possible and the fifth has sort of rebalanced the whole thing．”
So do we know less than we did before?
I.Not really,says Andy Pitman of the University of New South Wales in Sydney,Australia．It is just more rigorous language．“Pointing to the sign of the change，rather than the precise magnitude of the change，is scientifically more defensible，”he says．
J.We also know more about what we don’t know,says David Karoly at the University of Melbourne．“There is now a better understanding of uncertainties in regional climate proj ections at decadal timescales(时标)．”
Are we less confident about all the impacts of climate change?
K.Not quite．There are still plenty of confident predictions of impacts in the reponv—at least in the draft chapters that were lcaked last year,and which are expected to be roughly the same when they are released later this week．These include more rain in parts ofAfrica，more heatwaves in southem Europe，and more frequent droughts in Australia(see“How climate change will affect where you live”)．It also remains clear that the seas are rising．How do we prepare in cases in which there is low confidence about the effects of climate change?
L.That’s exactly what this report deals with．In many cases，the uncertainty is a matter of magnitude，so the choices are not hard．“It doesn’t really matter if the car hits the wall at 70 or 80 kilometres an hour,”says Karoly．“You should still wear your seat belt．”So when it comes to sea．1evel rise or heatwaves，the uncertainty does not change what we need to do：build sea walls，use efficient cooling and so forth．
M.But in some cases——such as African rainfall，which could go up or down——the models are not giving us great advice．so all we know is that things will change．“We are not certain about the precise nature of regional change，but we are absolutely certain there are going to be profound changes in many regions，”says Pitman．Even then，there are things we can do that will always help．A big one is getting people out of poverty．The report says poverty makes other impacts worse and many suggested adaptations are about alleviating it．The IPCC suggests giving disadvantaged groups more of a voice，helping them move when they need to and strengthening social safety nets．
N.What’s more，all countries should diversify their economies，rather than relying on a few main sources of income that could flood or blow ovel Countries should also find ways to become less vulnerable to the current climate variability．That means improving the way they govem resources like water,the report says．
O.In short，we must become more resilient．That would be wise even if the climate was stable．Our current infrastructure often cannot deal with the current climate，says Karoly,pointing to events like the recent UK floods．“We don’t have a resilient system now,even in extremely well developed countries．”
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
Focusing on the clue of climate change instead of the severity of climate effects is scientifically more reasonable．
5、根据下面内容，回答题。
Exorbitant(过分的)Privilege
A．IN 2012 ICBC，a state．controlled Chinese company that is the world’s most valuable bank，bought four-fifths of the Argentine subsidiary of Standard Bank，a South African firm．The deal was hailed as a leap forward for “South-South” cooperation—direct economic ties between emerging markets(新兴市场)．But one group of fich-world middlemen got a slice of the action：lawyers．ICBC was represented by Linklaters，an English firm，and Standard Bank by Jones Day, an American one．The deal was made under English law, with any differences to be settled in A．l English arbitration center．
B．Though emerging markets now account for over half the world’s GDP at purchasing-power parity(购买力平价)，and trade between them is booming，just two developed countries retain a stranglehold on cross-border finance，investment，mergers and acquisitions．Just as America benefits from issuing the world’s reserve currency, America and its former colonial master, Britain, enjoy the exorbitant privilege of issuing the world’s “reserve law”．A global survey by Queen Mary University in London in 2010 of general counsels and legal-department heads found that 40% most frequently did business using English law and another 22% American．generally the law of New York state．No other country’s lawgot a significant share．
C．America and Britain reap large rewards from their legal dominance．of the world’s 100 highest-grossing law firms，9 1 have their headquarters in one of the two．America’s legal sector is bigger than the GDP of Peru；though much of that is because of Americans’ litigiousness．a good chunk comes from foreign work．The New York offices of American firms earn around$1．8 billion annually from international．dispute resolution．almost two．thirds of litigants in English commercial courts are foreign．At 1．5% ．the legal sector’s share of British GDP is nearly double that in other big European countries．
D．Other bits of both countries’ economies feel the ripples(余波)，t00．Foreigners visiting for legal hearings stay in hotels and eat in restaurants．Aspiring lawyers from around the world pay to attend their universities and spread goodwill when they go home．Dependence on American and British law firms makes it harder for deal makers to move from New York and London to Hong Kong or Frankfurt．Britain’s government describes lawyers as “central to the export of other professional services” such as accounting，asset management and banking．
E．The competition is often weak：much of China’s commercial law was written by Communist Party officials and is fiddled with errors：and though India adopted much of English common law, its courts are notoriously slow．But the incumbents’ biggest advantage is that they have common law systems with centuries of binding precedent．That means they offer as much certainty as any jurisdiction(司法权)can．In civil-law countries such as France，Portugal and Spain，and their ex-colonies，judges have wide latitude to interpret statutes，increasing the risk of nasty legal surprises．Civil systems place more restrictions on acceptable clauses，and often consider the interests of third parties，such as workers or consumers．
F．Many other countries would like to break this duopoly(双头垄断市场)．But even those with good laws on Paper would take decades to train enough lawyers and judges to make them stick．The immediate threat to American and British law comes from a trend that dispenses with courtsal together．Parties to a cross-border deal must decide not only which country’s law governs it but how disputes should be resolved．Firms are increasingly opting for private arbitration，which promises confidentiality,
speed and lower costs than going to court—and here London and New York are less dominant．
G．More recently，new entrants have made inroads．Among the most Successful is Singapore，whose dedicated arbitration venue(仲裁地点)，SIAC，opened in 199 1．Singapore’s government exempts arbitrators from income tax and expedites entry for participants in hearings．SIAC’s caseload has quadrupled in the past decade，with Indian firms particularly keen．Last year they were parties to a third of its 259 new cases．
H．With 260 new cases last year, Hong Kong matches SIAC for size．Arbitration is essential for cross-border deals involving China，since its iudges rarely enforce foreign court decisions but are bound to uphold arbitration awards by the New York Arbitration Convention，which it signed in 1987．In the past，Chinese firms reluctantly accepted distant arbitration venues．But they are increasingly insisting
on disputes being heard locally．Exorbitant no more?
I．English law remains prevalent in Asian arbitration，accounting for 32% of cases at SIAC．But a recent trend in South America shows how quickly this could change．Of the big emerging economies，the one mat has most effectively promoted its own law is Brazil．Its firms still use third．party law, usually New York’s．to raise money and make acquisitions abroad．But foreign firms active in Brazil often acquiesce to local law, relying on localarbitration as an alternative to courts that are politicized and glacially slow．
J．Brazil’s govermment created a legal framework for arbitration in 1996，which became widely used after being approved by the supreme court in 200 1．Nothing prevents firms from using foreign arbitration—but losers may delay the application of foreign rulings for years(though not for ever)by filing objections in Brazilian courts．In contrast，domestic arbitration awards in local-law cases are deemed
equivA．ent to legal rulings，and implemented on the spot．“There’s nothing to fear about having an arbitration in Brazil，”says Stepheno’ Sullivan，a former solicitor in England who works for Mattos Filho，a Brazilian firm．
K．At first sight，the lawyers of Wall Street and the City of London have the most to lose from the growing popularity of arbitration．Their govermments are not helping．In Britain authorities often fail to provide timely visas for parties，experts or witnesses．As for America，businesses often complain about the burden of pre．trial discovery, and the threat of unsophisticated juries or elected judges awarding exorbitant damages．In a recent survey, Hogan Lovells，a law firm whose main offices are in London and Washington，DC，asked general counsels around the world which jurisdiction they found most challenging．China finished second--after America．
L．In the long run，developing countries may be bigger losers．Local arbitration may facilitate deals and bolster short．term growth．But if it reduces the pressure from multinationals and local finns for simpler laws，berer courts and less political corruption，it may delay attempts to establish legal systems that work not just for businesses but for everyone else too．
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
China and India would be very fragile in the competition because of their wrong commercial laws and inemcient courts．
简答题
6、 中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔盂为代表的儒家学说(Confucianism)和以老子和庄子为代表的道家学说(Taoism)，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说和学派(doctrines)。这就是有名的诸子百家(the masters’ hundred schools)。从孔夫子到孙中山。中华民族的传统文化有许多宝贵的思想和品质，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱、强调群体、强调天下为公。
7、大熊猫是一种温顺的动物，长着独特的黑白皮毛。因其数量极少，大熊猫已被列为濒危物种。大熊猫对于世界自然基金会有着特殊意义。自1961年该基金会成立以来，大熊猫就一直是它的徽标。大熊猫是熊科中稀有的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。目前，世界上大约有1000只大熊猫。这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。因此，确保大熊猫的生存比以往更重要。
8、题目一
Directions：For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on thefollowing question．You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words．
Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your hometown，what is the most interesting place you would like to take him／her to see and why?
题目二
Directions：For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on thefollowing question．You should write at least．120．words but no more than．180．words．Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit China，what is the most interesting place you would like to take him／her to see and why?
题目三
Directions：For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on thefollowing question．You should write at least．120．words but no more than．180．words．Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your campus，what is the most interesting place you would like to take him／her to see and why?
9、去年冬季以来，中国不少城市雾霾天气频频出现。特别是作为首都的北京，严重的雾霾天气更是引起了人们的关注。雾霾天气严重地影响了人们的出行和身体健康。在北京城市道路上，很多车辆因为能见度过低，只能在路上堵着。人们行走在路上都要戴着口罩。很多媒体报道称口罩已经卖脱销。大气污染现象已经成为困扰北京的难题，人们急需要解决这些问题，从而为该地区的人们带来更好的生活保障。
10、1．目前，各高校均对大一新生进行军训
2．有人赞成，有人反对
3．我的观点
Is It Necessary to Continue Military Training for Freshmen?
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