2015年英语四级考试每日一练(6月12日)
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单项选择题
1、Questions are based on the following passage．
You might think a little global warming is good for farming．Longer，warmner growing seasons and more carbon dioxide（CO2）--what plant wouldn’t love that? The agricultural industry basically agrees on that．But global warming’s effects on agriculture would actually be quite complicated--and mostly not for the better．
It’s true that some crops will prosper on a warmer planet，but the key word there is “some．”According to a government report，higher CO2 levels and longer growing seasons will increase yields for fruit growers in the Great Lakes region．But many major American crops already use CO2 so efficiently that more of it probably won’t make much difference to them．
What will make a difference are all the other things we’ll have more of as temperatures rise—namely droughts（干旱），bugs and big storms．More droughts mean lower crop yields．Melting snow in the Western U．S．will increase water availability in spring but decrease it in summer, forcing farmers to change cropping practices．As insects that eat crops adapt their migration patterns to our warmer climate，farmers will have to either use more insecticide or plant hardier crops．
Farmers on both coasts are already starting to reap some of what the nation’s fossil-fuel addiction has sown．Crops in those regions require a certain number of colder days，or ‘‘winter chill’’ before they break dormancy（冬眠）and begin flowering．Too few cold days breaks the plants’ flowering schedule which in turn affects pollination（授粉）and hurts yield．
So, given how much is at stake for them，how are farm states working to shape climate legislation? In response to agricultural demands，the Waxman-Markey bill frees the agricultural industry from CO2 emission limits and gives up control over what activities guarantee carbon offset credit to the Agricultural Department．
Some farmers--and some farm state congressional leaders--have argued that because plants convertC02 into oxygen，agricultural lands store more CO2 than they emit．This is only theoretically true．What we can say with certainty is that，like most big industries，farming is fossil-fuel intensive--large quantities of CO2 are emitted from farm equipment such as irrigation pumps and tractors．
Under the influence of global warming, the yields of American crops will __________．
A．be greatly enhanced
B．be certainly reduced
C．still remain stable
D．be hard to predict
2、
I Cry, Therefore I Am
A) In 2008, at a German zoo, a gorilla (大猩猩) named Gana gave birth to a male infant, who died after three months． Photographs of Gana, looking stricken and inconsolable (伤心欲绝的), attracted crowds to the zoo． Sad as the scene was, the humans, not Gana, were the only ones crying． The notion that animals can weep has no scientific basis． Years of observations by biologists Dian Fossey, who observed gorillas, and Jane Goodall, who worked with chimpanzees (黑猩猩), could not prove that animals cry tears from emotion．
B)It's true that many animals shed tears, especially in response to pain． Tears protect the eye by keeping it moist． But crying as an expression of feeling is tmique to humans and has played an essential role in human evolution and the development of human cultures．
C)Within two days an infant can imitate sad and happy faces． If an infant does not cry out, it is unlikely to get the attention it needs to survive． Around 34 months, the relationship between the human infant and its environment takes on a more organized commtmicative role, and tearful crying begins to serve interpersonal purposes: the search for comfort and pacification (抚慰)． As we get older, crying becomes a tool of social interaction: grief and joy, shame and pride, fear and
manipulation．
D)Tears are as universal as laughter, and grief is more complex than joy． But although we all cry, we do so in different ways． Women cry more frequently and intensely than men, especially when exposed to emotional events． Like crying, depression is, around the world, more commonly seen in women than in men． One explanation might be that women, who despite decades of social advances still suffer from economic inequality, discrimination (歧视) and even violence, might have more to cry about． Men not only cry for shorter periods than women, but they also are less inclined to explain their tears, usually shed them more quietly, and tend more frequently to apologize when they cry openly． Men, like women, report crying at the death of a loved one and in response to a moving religions experience． They are more likely than women to cry when their core identities--as providers and protectors, as fathers and fighters--are questioned．
E) People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who are more rigid or have more self-control． Frequency of crying varies widely: some shed tears at any novel or movie, others only a handful of times in their lives． Crying in response to stress and conflict in the home, or after emotional trauma (创伤), lasts much longer than tears induced by everyday sadness--which in turn last longer than tears of delight and joy．
F) Sadness is our primary association with crying, but the fact is that people report feeling happier after crying． Surveys estimate that 85% of women and 73% of men report feeling better after shedding tears． Surprisingly, crying is more commonly associated with minor forms of depression than with major depression involving suicidal thoughts．
G) People widely report that crying relieves tension, restores emotional balance and provides "catharsis," a washing out of bad feelings． The term "catharsis" has religious implications of removing evil and sin; it's no surprise that religious ceremonies are, around the world, one of the main settings for the release of tears．
H) Crying is a nearly universal sign of grief, though some mourners report that, despite genuine sorrow, they cannot shed tears--sometimes even for years after their loved one has gone． Unlike today, when the privacy of grief is more respected, the public or ceremonial shedding of tears, at the graveside of a spouse or the funeral of a king or queen, was once considered socially or even politically essential．
I) Crying has also served other social purposes． Rousseau wrote in his Confessions that while he considered tears the most powerful expression of love, he also just liked to cry over nothing．
J) The association of tears with art has ancient roots． The classic Greek tragedies of the fifth century
B．C． were primarily celebrations of gods． Tragedies, like poetry and music, were staged religions events． Even then it was recognized that crying in response to drama brought pleasure．
K) I have argued that there are neurobiological (神经生物方面的 ) associations linking the arts and mood disorders． When I lecture on crying, I ask my audience to let me know, by a show of hands, which art forms most move them to tears． About 80% say music, followed closely by novels (74%), but then the figures fall sharply, to 43%, for poetry, and 10-22% for paintings, sculpture and architecture．
L) The physical act of crying is mainly one of breathing in air, which is why we choke up when we weep． This suggests to language scientists that emotional crying evolved before language, perhaps explaining why tears communicate states of mind and feelings that are often so difficult to express in words． Of course, from an evolutionary perspective, recognition of emotion (usually through facial gesture) was essential for survival．
M) The earliest humans arrived sevetal million years ago, but only 150,000 to 200,000 years ago, did cultures, language, religion and the arts arise． Along the way, tears became more than a biological necessity to lubricate (润滑) the eye and developed into a sign of intense emotion and a signal of social bonding． The development of self-consciousness and the notion of individual identity, or ego; storytelling about the origins of the world, the creation of humanity and life after death; and the
ability to feel others' sadness--all were critical parts of the neurobiological changes that made us human
N) More recently, we've learned from neuroscience that certain brain circuits (回路) are activated (激活), rapidly and unconsciously, when we see another in emotional distress． In short, our brain evolved circuits to allow us to experience sympathy, which in turn made civilization, and an ethics based on sympathy, possible． So the next time you reach a tissue box, or sob on a friend's shoulder, or shed tears at the movies, stop and reflect on why we cry and what it means to cry． Becanse ultimately, while we love to cry, we also cry to love．
Nowadays people respect the privacy of grief more than in the past．
3、听录音,回答题
A．They are very generous in giving gifts．
B．They refuse gifts when doing business．
C．They regard gifts as a token of friendship．
D．They give gifts only on special occasions．
4、听录音,回答题
A．Selling his car.
B．Leaving his car in a parking service company.
C．Having his car serviced.
D．Hiring a car abroad.
5、听录音,回答题
A．75％．
B．25％．
C．40％．
D． 60％．
6、听音频：
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A ),B．, C． andD．, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
A．She copied another course guide.
B．She decided to skip class.
C．She went to the library instead.
D．She shared a friend's course guide.
7、 回答题
When companies consider their benefits mix．coverage for medical care is often top．of-mind．Yet there may be another,even more powerful concern driving employee coverage preferences：vision care．Roughly 75%of adults in the United States require some type of vision correction．and 84 percent of adults believe that vision benefits are somewhat or very important to them．As a result．vision assistance is moving higher and higher on the list of sought．after employee benefits．
What’s driving the trend?One factor is the increasing power of eye examinations to detect systemic illness．In addition to identifying nearsightedness，farsightedness and astigmatism，routine eye exanls now play a role in diagnosing conditions such as diabetes，brain aneurysms(脑动脉瘤)，liver disease and stroke risk．
Early identification，in turn，translates into markedly lower expenditures for employers．In 2014，eye problems will cost companies an estimated$8 billion in reduced productivity．Making sure employees get the right eye care helps employers reduce these losses．At the same time，it boosts their ability to retain loyal workers．
So what’s the best way to get patients into the exam chair?One way is to provide a vision plan that lowers out-of-pocket(自已付费的)expenses．Indeed，research shows that out-of-pocket expense--not premiums--is the number-one factor employees consider when choosing a-vision plan．“And that’s just smart．”says independent insurance broker Shannon Enders．“Premiums make up only about 30 percent of total out．of-pocket expenses．So it pays to100k beyond the premium and see the real cost of a plan．”
A study conducted by Service Excellence Group Inc．，a leading market research company,shows how the right vision insurance plan can result in across—the-board(全面的)savings for employees．The study compared the prices customers with different insurance plans paid for the same popular pair of eyeglasses at independent doctors and retail chains．It found that customers with insurance plans that were most successful at keeping out-of-pocket expenses low saved hundreds of dollars．
With eyeglasses becoming as much of a fashion accessory(装饰品)as a vision aid，forward-thinking companies are beginning to take note．Enders says more of his clients are saying yes to vision care plans．“Employees care about their eyes，”he says．“And offering benefits packages with the features employees care most about will become an even more important corporate strategy going forward．”
What is the meaning of the last sentence of paragraph one?
A．Vision assistance is listed on the list of popular worker interests．
B．Vision assistance is becoming more and more popular among employees。
C．Vision assistance is considered as one of the employee benefits．
D．Vision assistance is the top concern of the employees．
简答题
8、听录音，回答题
You probably have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways, depending on the situation they are in．This is very natural．All languages have two general levels of (26)__________a formal level and an informal level．English is no (27)__________ ．The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a (28)__________ level．Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, (29)__________ books, and in business letters．You Would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school．Informal language is used in converation with colleagues, family members and friends, and when we write (30.
notes or letters to close friends.
Formal language (31)__________ informal language in several ways．First, formal language
tends to be more polite．What we may find interesting is that it (32)__________ takes more words to be polite．For example, I might say to a friend or family member, "Close the door, please," but to a stranger, I probably would say, "Would-you mind closing the door?" Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary． There(33)__________ be some words and phrases that (34)__________ in formal language and others that are informal．Let's say that I really like soccer．If I'm talking to my friend I might say "I'm just (35)__________soccer! " But if I were talking to my boss, t would probably say "I really enjoy soccer."
第(26)题__________
9、 在中国，人们对一切艺术的艺术，即生活的艺术，懂得很多。一个较为年轻的国家可能会致力于进步；然而一个古老的文明国度，自然在人生的历程上见多识广，她所感兴趣的自然是如何过好生活。就中国而言，由于有了中国的人文主义精神，把人当作一切事物的中心，把人类幸福当作知识的终结，于是，强调生活的艺术就是更为自然的事情了。但即使没有人文主义，-个古老的文明也一定会有一个不同的价值尺度，只有这样.它才会知道仟么是“持久的生活乐趣”。任何一个民族，如果它不知道如何享受生活，那么，在我们的眼里，这个民族一定是粗野的、不文明的。
10、在如今的信息化时代，网络团购(On | i Re group-buy i ng)作为一种新的销售方式，以其价格便宜、形式新颖灵活，深受年轻人以及时尚人士的追捧。截止到201 1年7月，全国团购网站已经超过5000家。但是。消费者在享受网络团购带来的实惠时也出现了一些问题，如假冒产品、服务缩水、价格欺诈等现象。据消费者协会调查，近期接到的有关网络团购的投诉呈上升趋势。消费者们在购物时应保持清醒的头脑。
1、Questions are based on the following passage．
You might think a little global warming is good for farming．Longer，warmner growing seasons and more carbon dioxide（CO2）--what plant wouldn’t love that? The agricultural industry basically agrees on that．But global warming’s effects on agriculture would actually be quite complicated--and mostly not for the better．
It’s true that some crops will prosper on a warmer planet，but the key word there is “some．”According to a government report，higher CO2 levels and longer growing seasons will increase yields for fruit growers in the Great Lakes region．But many major American crops already use CO2 so efficiently that more of it probably won’t make much difference to them．
What will make a difference are all the other things we’ll have more of as temperatures rise—namely droughts（干旱），bugs and big storms．More droughts mean lower crop yields．Melting snow in the Western U．S．will increase water availability in spring but decrease it in summer, forcing farmers to change cropping practices．As insects that eat crops adapt their migration patterns to our warmer climate，farmers will have to either use more insecticide or plant hardier crops．
Farmers on both coasts are already starting to reap some of what the nation’s fossil-fuel addiction has sown．Crops in those regions require a certain number of colder days，or ‘‘winter chill’’ before they break dormancy（冬眠）and begin flowering．Too few cold days breaks the plants’ flowering schedule which in turn affects pollination（授粉）and hurts yield．
So, given how much is at stake for them，how are farm states working to shape climate legislation? In response to agricultural demands，the Waxman-Markey bill frees the agricultural industry from CO2 emission limits and gives up control over what activities guarantee carbon offset credit to the Agricultural Department．
Some farmers--and some farm state congressional leaders--have argued that because plants convertC02 into oxygen，agricultural lands store more CO2 than they emit．This is only theoretically true．What we can say with certainty is that，like most big industries，farming is fossil-fuel intensive--large quantities of CO2 are emitted from farm equipment such as irrigation pumps and tractors．
Under the influence of global warming, the yields of American crops will __________．
A．be greatly enhanced
B．be certainly reduced
C．still remain stable
D．be hard to predict
2、
I Cry, Therefore I Am
A) In 2008, at a German zoo, a gorilla (大猩猩) named Gana gave birth to a male infant, who died after three months． Photographs of Gana, looking stricken and inconsolable (伤心欲绝的), attracted crowds to the zoo． Sad as the scene was, the humans, not Gana, were the only ones crying． The notion that animals can weep has no scientific basis． Years of observations by biologists Dian Fossey, who observed gorillas, and Jane Goodall, who worked with chimpanzees (黑猩猩), could not prove that animals cry tears from emotion．
B)It's true that many animals shed tears, especially in response to pain． Tears protect the eye by keeping it moist． But crying as an expression of feeling is tmique to humans and has played an essential role in human evolution and the development of human cultures．
C)Within two days an infant can imitate sad and happy faces． If an infant does not cry out, it is unlikely to get the attention it needs to survive． Around 34 months, the relationship between the human infant and its environment takes on a more organized commtmicative role, and tearful crying begins to serve interpersonal purposes: the search for comfort and pacification (抚慰)． As we get older, crying becomes a tool of social interaction: grief and joy, shame and pride, fear and
manipulation．
D)Tears are as universal as laughter, and grief is more complex than joy． But although we all cry, we do so in different ways． Women cry more frequently and intensely than men, especially when exposed to emotional events． Like crying, depression is, around the world, more commonly seen in women than in men． One explanation might be that women, who despite decades of social advances still suffer from economic inequality, discrimination (歧视) and even violence, might have more to cry about． Men not only cry for shorter periods than women, but they also are less inclined to explain their tears, usually shed them more quietly, and tend more frequently to apologize when they cry openly． Men, like women, report crying at the death of a loved one and in response to a moving religions experience． They are more likely than women to cry when their core identities--as providers and protectors, as fathers and fighters--are questioned．
E) People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who are more rigid or have more self-control． Frequency of crying varies widely: some shed tears at any novel or movie, others only a handful of times in their lives． Crying in response to stress and conflict in the home, or after emotional trauma (创伤), lasts much longer than tears induced by everyday sadness--which in turn last longer than tears of delight and joy．
F) Sadness is our primary association with crying, but the fact is that people report feeling happier after crying． Surveys estimate that 85% of women and 73% of men report feeling better after shedding tears． Surprisingly, crying is more commonly associated with minor forms of depression than with major depression involving suicidal thoughts．
G) People widely report that crying relieves tension, restores emotional balance and provides "catharsis," a washing out of bad feelings． The term "catharsis" has religious implications of removing evil and sin; it's no surprise that religious ceremonies are, around the world, one of the main settings for the release of tears．
H) Crying is a nearly universal sign of grief, though some mourners report that, despite genuine sorrow, they cannot shed tears--sometimes even for years after their loved one has gone． Unlike today, when the privacy of grief is more respected, the public or ceremonial shedding of tears, at the graveside of a spouse or the funeral of a king or queen, was once considered socially or even politically essential．
I) Crying has also served other social purposes． Rousseau wrote in his Confessions that while he considered tears the most powerful expression of love, he also just liked to cry over nothing．
J) The association of tears with art has ancient roots． The classic Greek tragedies of the fifth century
B．C． were primarily celebrations of gods． Tragedies, like poetry and music, were staged religions events． Even then it was recognized that crying in response to drama brought pleasure．
K) I have argued that there are neurobiological (神经生物方面的 ) associations linking the arts and mood disorders． When I lecture on crying, I ask my audience to let me know, by a show of hands, which art forms most move them to tears． About 80% say music, followed closely by novels (74%), but then the figures fall sharply, to 43%, for poetry, and 10-22% for paintings, sculpture and architecture．
L) The physical act of crying is mainly one of breathing in air, which is why we choke up when we weep． This suggests to language scientists that emotional crying evolved before language, perhaps explaining why tears communicate states of mind and feelings that are often so difficult to express in words． Of course, from an evolutionary perspective, recognition of emotion (usually through facial gesture) was essential for survival．
M) The earliest humans arrived sevetal million years ago, but only 150,000 to 200,000 years ago, did cultures, language, religion and the arts arise． Along the way, tears became more than a biological necessity to lubricate (润滑) the eye and developed into a sign of intense emotion and a signal of social bonding． The development of self-consciousness and the notion of individual identity, or ego; storytelling about the origins of the world, the creation of humanity and life after death; and the
ability to feel others' sadness--all were critical parts of the neurobiological changes that made us human
N) More recently, we've learned from neuroscience that certain brain circuits (回路) are activated (激活), rapidly and unconsciously, when we see another in emotional distress． In short, our brain evolved circuits to allow us to experience sympathy, which in turn made civilization, and an ethics based on sympathy, possible． So the next time you reach a tissue box, or sob on a friend's shoulder, or shed tears at the movies, stop and reflect on why we cry and what it means to cry． Becanse ultimately, while we love to cry, we also cry to love．
Nowadays people respect the privacy of grief more than in the past．
3、听录音,回答题
A．They are very generous in giving gifts．
B．They refuse gifts when doing business．
C．They regard gifts as a token of friendship．
D．They give gifts only on special occasions．
4、听录音,回答题
A．Selling his car.
B．Leaving his car in a parking service company.
C．Having his car serviced.
D．Hiring a car abroad.
5、听录音,回答题
A．75％．
B．25％．
C．40％．
D． 60％．
6、听音频：
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A ),B．, C． andD．, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
A．She copied another course guide.
B．She decided to skip class.
C．She went to the library instead.
D．She shared a friend's course guide.
7、 回答题
When companies consider their benefits mix．coverage for medical care is often top．of-mind．Yet there may be another,even more powerful concern driving employee coverage preferences：vision care．Roughly 75%of adults in the United States require some type of vision correction．and 84 percent of adults believe that vision benefits are somewhat or very important to them．As a result．vision assistance is moving higher and higher on the list of sought．after employee benefits．
What’s driving the trend?One factor is the increasing power of eye examinations to detect systemic illness．In addition to identifying nearsightedness，farsightedness and astigmatism，routine eye exanls now play a role in diagnosing conditions such as diabetes，brain aneurysms(脑动脉瘤)，liver disease and stroke risk．
Early identification，in turn，translates into markedly lower expenditures for employers．In 2014，eye problems will cost companies an estimated$8 billion in reduced productivity．Making sure employees get the right eye care helps employers reduce these losses．At the same time，it boosts their ability to retain loyal workers．
So what’s the best way to get patients into the exam chair?One way is to provide a vision plan that lowers out-of-pocket(自已付费的)expenses．Indeed，research shows that out-of-pocket expense--not premiums--is the number-one factor employees consider when choosing a-vision plan．“And that’s just smart．”says independent insurance broker Shannon Enders．“Premiums make up only about 30 percent of total out．of-pocket expenses．So it pays to100k beyond the premium and see the real cost of a plan．”
A study conducted by Service Excellence Group Inc．，a leading market research company,shows how the right vision insurance plan can result in across—the-board(全面的)savings for employees．The study compared the prices customers with different insurance plans paid for the same popular pair of eyeglasses at independent doctors and retail chains．It found that customers with insurance plans that were most successful at keeping out-of-pocket expenses low saved hundreds of dollars．
With eyeglasses becoming as much of a fashion accessory(装饰品)as a vision aid，forward-thinking companies are beginning to take note．Enders says more of his clients are saying yes to vision care plans．“Employees care about their eyes，”he says．“And offering benefits packages with the features employees care most about will become an even more important corporate strategy going forward．”
What is the meaning of the last sentence of paragraph one?
A．Vision assistance is listed on the list of popular worker interests．
B．Vision assistance is becoming more and more popular among employees。
C．Vision assistance is considered as one of the employee benefits．
D．Vision assistance is the top concern of the employees．
简答题
8、听录音，回答题
You probably have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways, depending on the situation they are in．This is very natural．All languages have two general levels of (26)__________a formal level and an informal level．English is no (27)__________ ．The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a (28)__________ level．Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, (29)__________ books, and in business letters．You Would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school．Informal language is used in converation with colleagues, family members and friends, and when we write (30.
notes or letters to close friends.
Formal language (31)__________ informal language in several ways．First, formal language
tends to be more polite．What we may find interesting is that it (32)__________ takes more words to be polite．For example, I might say to a friend or family member, "Close the door, please," but to a stranger, I probably would say, "Would-you mind closing the door?" Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary． There(33)__________ be some words and phrases that (34)__________ in formal language and others that are informal．Let's say that I really like soccer．If I'm talking to my friend I might say "I'm just (35)__________soccer! " But if I were talking to my boss, t would probably say "I really enjoy soccer."
第(26)题__________
9、 在中国，人们对一切艺术的艺术，即生活的艺术，懂得很多。一个较为年轻的国家可能会致力于进步；然而一个古老的文明国度，自然在人生的历程上见多识广，她所感兴趣的自然是如何过好生活。就中国而言，由于有了中国的人文主义精神，把人当作一切事物的中心，把人类幸福当作知识的终结，于是，强调生活的艺术就是更为自然的事情了。但即使没有人文主义，-个古老的文明也一定会有一个不同的价值尺度，只有这样.它才会知道仟么是“持久的生活乐趣”。任何一个民族，如果它不知道如何享受生活，那么，在我们的眼里，这个民族一定是粗野的、不文明的。
10、在如今的信息化时代，网络团购(On | i Re group-buy i ng)作为一种新的销售方式，以其价格便宜、形式新颖灵活，深受年轻人以及时尚人士的追捧。截止到201 1年7月，全国团购网站已经超过5000家。但是。消费者在享受网络团购带来的实惠时也出现了一些问题，如假冒产品、服务缩水、价格欺诈等现象。据消费者协会调查，近期接到的有关网络团购的投诉呈上升趋势。消费者们在购物时应保持清醒的头脑。
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