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八、-ING的完成时、被动语态与否定形式

1. 如果-ING分词表示的是一般性动作，（即不指明是现在、过去或将来）不表示动作的先后或与谓语所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，这时要用-ING的一般形式

35） Revolution means the productive forces.

［A］ to liberate ［B］ to have liberated ［C］ liberating ［D］ having been liberated

36） It is a simple matter ［A］ to have found ［B］ the density of a gas ［C］ from its formula ［D］ .

2. 但如果-ING分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生，就要用“（not）having+-ED分词”表示完成时

37） by the journey， he went to bed immediately after he came back home.

［A］ Being exhausted ［B］ To have exhausted ［C］ Having exhausted ［D］ Having been exhausted

38） with an accedent， he arrived at the station ten minutes late.

［A］ Having met ［B］ To have met ［C］ Meeting ［D］ Having been met

3. 当非限定性动词-ING的逻辑主语是-ING所表示的动作对象时要用-ING的被动形式，包括其一般形式“（not）being + -ED分词和完成形式”（not）having been +-ED分词“

39） Solids， liquids， and gases at rest all have a tendency to resist in motion.

［A］ setting［B］ to set［C］ being set［D］ to be set

40） Upon questioning ［A］ he denied having killed ［B］ the old woman with ［C］ the home-made ［D］ gun.

4. -ING的否定形式是把not加在-ING的前边

41） of the change in the meeting time， Mike arrived late.

［A］ Not having notified［B］ Not notifying［C］ Not to notify［D］ Not having been notified

42） I regret hard at school.

［A］ not to have worked［B］ not having worked［C］ not have worked［D］ having not worked

九、-ING分词的逻辑主语

1. -ING分词除了具有动词的特点以外，它还有名词的特点，即可以加物主代词（如my，your，his等）和名词的属格（如Wang Qing's等）来表示其逻辑主语（这时-ING的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致）

43） I suggest on an excursion this Sunday.

［A］ we are going ［B］ to go ［C］ us going ［D］ our going

44） on a clear day， far from the city crowds， the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.

［A］ If walking ［B］ While walking ［C］ Walking ［D］ When one is walking

45） Marta ［A］ being chosen ［B］ as the most outstanding ［C］ student on her campus made her parents ［D］ very happy.

2. 还有一种-ING分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的情况，这时直接可用“-ING分词的主语＋-ING”来表示，这样的-ING分词短语可由介词引导。这种结构叫独立结构

46） A new technique ， the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.

［A］ to have been worked out ［B］ having worked out

［C］ working out ［D］ having been worked out

47） Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office， but our work ， we declined the offer.

［A］ not being finished［B］ not having finished［C］ had not been finished［D］ was not finished

3. 如果逻辑主语已和句子主语一致，那么其逻辑主语就可省略（在使用这种用法时要注意：-ING分词所表示的动作[ZZ（]一定[ZZ）]是主语所发出的，也就是说-ING分词的逻辑主语[ZZ（]一定[ZZ）]是主句的主语。试比较下列句子）

Getting into the room， I smelled a terrible smell.（getting 是 I 的动作）